Stearic acid, 437 Table

The mutagen treatments by Hammond and Fehr (1984) also produced a soybean line diich contained a high level (28%) of stearic acid (Table 3). Although this novel fatty acid composition is of no immediate commercial Interest because it is a solid at room temperature, it does suggest that the desaturation of stearic to oleic is open to genetic manipulation possibility resulting from a lower activity of stearoyl-ACP desaturase. 

Many primary fatty amides which are available from various manufacturers are Hsted in Table 3. In 1986 approximately 55,000 metric tons of amides and bisamides were produced world wide (58), the majority of which are bisamides, followed in volume by primary amides. Most of these products are shipped in sohd form in bag or dmm quantities. Major producers of primary fatty amides are Akzo, Glyco, Humko, and Sherex. Bisamides are produced by Akzo, Milacron, and Syntex. There are over 100 producers of alkanolamides in the world, most of which are small specialized manufacturers to a specific industry. GAP, Henkel, Sherex, and Witco are among the principal producers. The most widely used alkanolamides are the Ai,Ai-bis(2-hydroxyethyl) fatty amides, mostly produced from middle-cut coco fatty acids (6% capryflc, 7% capric, 51% lauric, 19% myristic, 9% palmitic, and 2% stearic acids). An estimated 77,000 metric tons of alkanolamide was produced worldwide in 1986 (59). 

Returning to the bottoms of the first column containing myristic, palmitic, oleic, and stearic acids, the recomputed mole fractions and volatilities are given in Table 2. 

The solubihty of water in fatty acids, 0.92% for stearic acid at 68.7°C, is greater than the solubiHty of the acid in water, 0.0003% for stearic acid at 20°C, and this solubihty tends to increase with increasing temperature (21). SolubiHties of aHphatic acids in organic solvents demonstrate another example of the alternating effect of odd vs even numbered acids (Table 8). 

Branched-chain acids contain at least one branching alkyl group attached to the carbon chain, which causes the acid to have different physical, and in some cases different chemical, properties than their corresponding straight-chain isomers. For example, stearic acid has a melting point of about 69°C, whereas isostearic acid has a melting point of about 5°C. Some properties of commercial branched-chain acids are shown in Table 1 (1,2). 

Table 9.9 The triglyceride content of palm oil pre- and post-incubation with lipase and stearic acid as described in the text.

Stearic acid (5 wt%) was compounded with a linear polymer prepared from 3,9-bis(ethylidene-2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro[5,5]undecane) and a 30 70 mole ratio of 1,6-hexanediol and trans-cyclohexanedi-methanol by thermal, solvent, or powder methods (Table 4). The thermal method (flux mixer and roller mill) resulted in good stearic... 

TABLE Comparing the Compounding of Poly(ortho ester) with 5 wt% Stearic Acid Using Different Compounding Methods... 

TABLE 5 Comparing the Shaping of a Poly(ortho ester) Compound by Flux-Mixing with 5 wt% Stearic Acid... 

On the other hand, in order to preserve the cold properties of the fuel (Cloud Point, Pour Point and low-temperature filterability), it is mandatory not to increase the melting point, that in turn depends on both the saturated compound (stearic acid, C18 0) content and the extent of cis/trans and positional isomerization as the difference in melting point between the cis and trans isomer is at least 15°C according to double bond position as shown in Table 1. 

Difference in stearic acid conversion between two consecutive samples of lower than 0.1% was considered as evidence of reaching the steady state operation. This typically required about 5 hours time as reflected in Table 32.2 below which shows change in SA conversion over time after a condition change (T = 63 °C, MeOH flow rate = 15 g/h, oil flow rate = 67 g/h). 

Some of the more common antifrictional agents are listed in Table 10. Many of these are hydrophobic and may consequently affect the release of medicament. Therefore, lubricant concentration and mixing time should be kept to the absolute minimum. Lubricants may also reduce significantly the mechanical strength of the tablet (see Fig. 12) [29,81]. Stearic acid and its magnesium and calcium salts are widely used, but the... 

Polyunsaturated fatty acids are characterized by a large number of C = C double bonds in their hydrocarbon chain. Stearic acid has no C = C double bonds and therefore is not unsaturated, let alone polyunsaturated. But eleostearic acid has three C = C double bonds and thus is polyunsaturated. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are recommended in dietary programs since saturated fats are linked to a high incidence of heart disease. Of the lipids listed in Table 28-2, safflower oil has the highest percentage of unsaturated fatty acids, predominately linoleic acid, an unsaturated fatty acid with two C=C bonds. 

Table 3.Crystallographical distortion and continuity of stearic acid monolayer prepared by multi-step creep method and continuous compression method. 

As shown in Table 1, the acyl moiety of cardiolipin is comprised almost entirely of unsaturated fatty acids. Other membrane phospholipids such as phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine contain 1(M0 mol of saturatedfatty acids such as palmitic acid (Ci6 0) and stearic acid (Ci8 0) per 100 mol of total fatty acids. In particular,linoleic acid (Cl8 2) is the most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acid consisting of 80 mol%, linolenic acid (Cl8 3) 8 mol%, and oleic acid (Ci8 i) 6 mol%. Therefore, by using a commercially available cardiolipin purified from bovine heart mitochondria, we characterized auto-oxidation products by reverse phase HPTLC and reverse phase HPLC. 

The common fatty acids have a linear chain containing an even number of carbon atoms, which reflects that the fatty acid chain is built up two carbon atoms at a time during biosynthesis. The structures and common names for several common fatty acids are provided in table 18.1. Fatty acids such as palmitic and stearic acids contain only carbon-carbon single bonds and are termed saturated. Other fatty acids such as oleic acid contain a single carbon-carbon double bond and are termed monounsaturated. Note that the geometry around this bond is cis, not trans. Oleic acid is found in high concentration in olive oil, which is low in saturated fatty acids. In fact, about 83% of all fatty acids in olive oil is oleic acid. Another 7% is linoleic acid. The remainder, only 10%, is saturated fatty acids. Butter, in contrast, contains about 25% oleic acid and more than 35% saturated fatty acids. 

Some plants produce a mixture of fatty acids (Table 11.3). The fat in seeds of the cacao tree (Theobroma cacao) contains a mixture of stearic and palmitic acids. The fat is known as cocoa butter from its resemblance to the butter produced from cow s milk (see Box 11.2). 

Practically all available iodinated extracellular X-ray contrast agents have been encapsulated into liposomes using different lipids and methods of preparation. Table 1 gives a short and intentionally incomplete overview of some of the approaches. The first liposomal contrast agent preparation that was tested in humans contained diatrizoate [48]. The injected dose was up to 0.5 ml kg k The preparation was effective even in plain radiography where lesions down to 0.8-1.0 cm could be detected in patients. However, adverse events such as fever and hyperthermia, which occurred in 30% of the patients, limited further use. We have incorporated iopromide into MLVs that were prepared from phosphatidyl choline (PC), cholesterol and stearic acid at a molar ratio of 4 5 1 using the ethanol-evaporation technique [44]. The liposomes can be stored freeze-dried and they are reconstituted before use by... 

The table lists the full series of aliphatic carboxylic acids that are found in plants and animals. In higher plants and animals, unbranched, longchain fatty acids with either 16 or 18 carbon atoms are the most common— e.g., palmitic and stearic acid. The number of carbon atoms in the longer, natural fatty acids is always even. This is because they are biosynthesized from C2 building blocks (see p.168). 

Table 4.7 Effect of a stearic-acid-based dampproofer on the compressive strength of concrete...

Table 4.8 The relationship between the initial surface absorption test and durability of concrete containing various proportions of a stearic acid based dampproofer...

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