Statistical indicators

This is best illustrated by the following example for a rural development project. The electrical power demand is shown in Figure 15.21 and was developed from historical data generated from similar developments in other regions. The operating statistics indicated that... 

We have an advantage in this situation. We know that our data contain 4 components, plus a small linear baseline, and some nonlinearities. This would lead us to expect that our data would show a rank of 5 or 6. Four dimensions are required to span the variations from the 4 different spectral components, and an additional 1 or two would be needed to span the variations due to the baselines and non-linearities. It gets a bit tricky when we realize that the baseline and non-linearity effects are rather small. Statistical indicators such as the 2-way F-test on REV s are not always able to destinguish factors that span small, but... 

Restrictions (1) and (2) are of no practical relevance, at least as far as the slope and the intercept are concerned, when all data points closely fit a straight line the other statistical indicators are influenced, however. 

Table 4.28. Overview of Key Statistical Indicators Obtained from Three Different Laboratories that Validated the... 

Figure 4.31. Key statistical indicators for validation experiments. The individual data files are marked in the first panels with the numbers 1, 2, and 3, and are in the same sequence for all groups. The lin/lin respectively log/log evaluation formats are indicated by the letters a and b. Limits of detection/quantitation cannot be calculated for the log/log format. The slopes, in percent of the average, are very similar for all three laboratories. The precision of the slopes is given as 100 t CW b)/b in [%]. The residual standard deviation follows a similar pattern as does the precision of the slope b. The LOD conforms nicely with the evaluation as required by the FDA. The calibration-design sensitive LOQ puts an upper bound on the estimates. The XI5% analysis can be high, particularly if the intercept should be negative.

Display and/or print tables that contain bin number, number of events, individual, cumulative % population, and the normalized bin boundaries (z (bb-x f.3n)/s ), X "-components, well as various statistical indicators (extreme values, number of events outside bin-range, mean, SD). 

In the debate about the toxic effects of dyes and chemicals, there is no doubt that carcinogenic effects are perceived by the general public as the most threatening. Chemicals remain a focus for this concern in spite of the weight of evidence that they make only a minor contribution to the incidence of cancer [60,67,83]. The generally accepted estimate of cancer causation, based on mortality statistics, indicates that only 4% of all cancer deaths are attributable to occupational exposure. Another 2% are considered to arise from environmental causes and 1% from other forms of exposure to industrial products. 

Another practical consequence of the large number of cells is that to sample the exit condition of all cells is extremely time consuming. As a result, in the case of exit brine strength for example, only a representative sample of cells was actually measured. The size of this sample was based on the variation in the individual measurements and statistical indicators that show how accurately the global average can be predicted from a small sample. 

Project Analysis, Inc., 32d Annual Engineering Construction Contracting Conference, Sept. 28-29, 2000). IPA statistics indicate that significant project financial and schedule benefits can be realized by implementing a thorough FEE effort prior to the EPC phase. 

When parents use drugs, what happens to the children What we do know is told in statistics indicating a high likelihood of neglect and abuse and poor outcomes for many, as they in turn become adults. Whilst the texture of that deprivation of a nurturing environment is missing from these various researches, they convey with some clarity the scale of the problem and are summarized below. 

When the results from several studies are converted into similar units, a simple inspection of a graph or table readily reveals which studies have different outcomes from the majority. Such discrepancies can also be examined by a variety of statistical indices. For example, one can calculate a statistical index of homogeneity, remove the most discrepant study, and recalculate, revealing that all but one study is homogenous. If two studies are discrepant, one could remove both and again reexamine the indices of homogeneity, and so on. For an example, we summarize the relative efficacy of unilateral nondominant versus bilateral electrode placement for the administration of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Here, 10 studies had one result, and two others a different outcome (see Table 8-10 and Table 8-11, in Chapter 8). 

Although emergence of behavioral dyscontroi has been reported with a variety of BZDs and appears to be idiosyncratic, a question raised in recent years is whether there is an increased incidence with alprazolam. Rosenbaum et al. (46) described extreme anger or hostility in 8 of 80 private practice patients, one of whom had a history of aggressive behavior. Gardner and Cowdry (47) reported that 7 of 12 patients with borderline personality disorder and histories of dyscontroi who were given alprazolam (1 to 6 mg per day) had serious recurrent episodes of dyscontroi. Finally, FDA statistics indicate that alprazolam ranks second (behind triazolam) for hostility reactions reported in 329 drugs (48). 

Statistics indicate that in late 1978, the American Red Cross reported a demand for thawed, deglycerolized human red cells of nearly 100,000 units per year, By May 1983, the demand was only approximately 42,000 units. Thus, it now appears that the need for frozen red cells was mainly found in filling rare donor blood types. Chaplin summarizes—future developments may yetprove previously frozen red cells to be the sleeping giant ofred-cell replacement therapy for the present, we must be content with the minor but crucial role in which they have proved their worth beyond doubt. 

ANOVA of the data confirms that there is a statistically significant relationship between the variables at the 99% confidence level. The i -squared statistic indicates that the model as fitted explains 96.2% of the variability. The adjusted P-squared statistic, which is more suitable for comparing models with different numbers of independent variables, is 94.2%. The prediction error of the model is less than 10%. Results of this protocol are displayed in Table 18.1. Validation results of the regression model are displayed in Table 18.2. 

Tuberculosis (TB), an infection of M. tuberculosis, still remains the leading cause of death worldwide among infectious diseases. The statistics indicate that 3 million people throughout the world die annually from TB and there... 

Poska RP, HillTR, van Schaik JW. 1993. The use of statistical indices to gauge the mixing efficiency of a conical screening mill. Pharm. Res. 10(8) 1248-1251. 

Most lire fatalities occur in fires that become very large. In fact, the U.S. statistics indicate that such fires account for over six times more fatalities than all other fires. This is illustrated by NFPA statistics of the U.S. fires in the 1986-1990 time period.201202 Similar information can be obtained from other time periods. 

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infections continue to be a major global challenge in medicine in the 21st century. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that about 35 million people are living with HIV/AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) with nearly 2.5 million new cases of HIV infection in 2008. These statistics indicate the magnitude of the global epidemic of HIV/AIDS today. 

MIC. The resulting concentrations were adsorbed on Amberlite XAD-2 and analyzed by desorbing and reacting with fluorescamine and subsequent fluorogenic assay. An average recovery of 101.3 percent was obtained. The excellent recoveries and the small precision statistic indicate that high relative humidities do not significantly effect sample collection and retention of MIC on XAD-2. Table X displays the results. 

In Eq. (89), the [ f s)=1/2] statistically indicates the potential of the molecules, such as Fermi s level, determining their tendency to move at an interface. Especially, as temperature decreases, we have ... 

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