Stationary power Introduction

This chapter provides an introduction to SOFC technology for stationary power generation. A 2D numerical model is developed by coupling the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methodology with the electrochemical and chemical reaction kinetics. The rates of chemical reaction and electrochemical reaction as well as corresponding reaction heats are implemented in the CFD model as source terms. 

Induction heating using low frequency and low power density when apphed to a stationary or moving bar can produce a uniformly heated part suitable for introduction to a rolling mill (4). A cod line capable of producing 32 t/h of 17.8 cm (7 in.) diameter alloy steel bars heated to 1177°C is shown in Figure 5. 

The introduction of the internal combustion engine in the late nineteenth century opened up an entirely new approach to combined heat and power. Rather than using the same fluid for the heat and power process as was the case with hot air and steam processes, the tremendous waste heat generated by the internal combustion process can easily be transformed into useful heat. Cogeneration applications using stationary engines were common in Europe prior to World War I and remain quite popular because the heat is relatively... 

Canadian interests span into hydrogen production, delivery and utilization, primarily in fuel cell applications in transportation, stationary and portable systems. Furthermore, codes and standards for hydrogen systems are an important area of activity. The range of future electrical requirements for early adopters, such as the military, is very wide with numerous applications for various electrically powered systems. The introduction of hydrogen as an energy carrier into the commercial and military sector offer similar and sometimes unique challenges in all the areas discussed. 

The concept of the effective plate number was introduced and employed in the late nineteen fifties by Purnell (7), Desty (8) and others. Its introduction arose directly as a result of the development of the capillary column, which, even in 1960, could be made to produce efficiencies of up to a million theoretical plates (9). It was noted, however, that these high efficiencies were were only realized for solutes eluted close to the column dead volume, that is, at very low k values. Furthermore, they in no way reflected the increase in resolving power that would be expected from such high efficiencies on the basis of the performance of packed columns. This poor performance, relative to the high efficiencies produced, can be shown theoretically ( and Indeed will be, later in this book) to result from the high phase ratio of capillary columns made at that time. That is the ratio of the mobile phase to the stationary phase in the column. The high phase ratio was... 

In our introduction to the physics of NMR in Chapter 2, we noted that there are several levels of theory that can be used to explain the phenomena. Thus far we have relied on (1) a quantum mechanical treatment that is restricted to transitions between stationary states, hence cannot deal with the coherent time evolution of a spin system, and (2) a picture of moving magnetization vectors that is rooted in quantum mechanics but cannot deal with many of the subder aspects of quantum behavior. Now we take up the more powerful formalisms of the density matrix and product operators (as described very briefly in Section 2.2), which can readily account for coherent time-dependent aspects of NMR without sacrificing the quantum features. 

The introduction of microprocessor technology, in connection with modem stationary phases of high chromatographic efficiencies, makes it a routine task to detect ions in the medium and lower ppb concentration range without pre-concentration. The detection limit for simple inorganic anions and cations is about 10 ppb based on an injection volume of 50 pL. The total amount of injected sample lies in the lower ng range. Even ultrapure water, required for the operation of power plants or for the production of semiconductors, may be analyzed for its anion and cation content after preconcentration with respective concentrator columns. With these pre-concentration techniques, the detection limit could be lowered to the ppt range. However, it should be emphasized that... 

Fuel cell technology is at the doorstep of commercialization. The frequent introduction and celebration of fuel cell powered protot)qje cars, the demonstration of electronic gadgets, and the market introduction of stationary SOFC power generators for home use, all indicate the immense potential of and interest in fuel cells. Years of development and hard work are beginning to come to fruition, although some challenges still remain. It is always exciting to witness how an intellectual curiosity... 

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