Starch table

Table X 4 summarizes similar data for the hydrolysis by maltase-free malt alpha amylase of beta dextrins obtained from arrowroot starch by the action of beta amylase. The beta dextrins were precipitated with alcohol from the reaction mixture of arrowroot starch after it had reached a limit in the hydrolysis at 60% theoretical maltose. The beta dextrins were hydrolyzed extensively by malt alpha amylase. Glucose was liberated in very small amounts even in the later stages of the hydrolysis of these beta dextrins maltose was liberated in appreciable amounts and, at equivalent hydrolyses, appeared to be formed somewhat more rapidly from the beta dextrins (Table X) than from the untreated starch (Table IX). Upon hydrolysis with malt alpha amylase the molecular weights of the beta dextrins dropped appreciably but not as extensively as when arrowroot starch was hydrolyzed directly by malt alpha amylase.

Periodate regeneration was technically applied for the synthesis of dialdehyde starch from starch (Table 4, No. 64) and recently for the generation of acetaldehyde from 2,3-butanediol (Table 4, No. 65)... 

The potential for fermentation technologies to produce bulk quantities of chemicals from sugars has stimulated much interest. The EU BREW project (BREW, 2006) identified a significant number of potential chemical building blocks of current commercial interest, which are, or could, be economically produced from fermentation and/or enzymic conversion of glucose, sucrose or starch (Table 2.5). 

It has been known for many years that even after exhaustive washes, starch still contains small amounts of noncarbohydrate elements. Lipids account for most of the phosphorus and about one-third of the nitrogen present in wheat starch (Table I). However, amino acids have been recovered from hydrolyzed starch, indicating that the balance of nitrogen is present as proteins. In the case of well-isolated, nondamaged wheat starch, proteins represent 0.15 to 0.2% of its weight. This is a very small proportion of the Hour protein, which comprises all the proteins contained in the... 

Huebner and Venkataraman69 demonstrated that starch can adsorb iodine from nonaqueous and not necessarily polar solvents, as shown in Table IV. Iodine adsorption by starch in aqueous ethanol increases as the ethanol content increases. Again, the solvent effect depends on the origin of the starch (Table II). The varying effects observed using benzene, ethanol, and chloroform may also be ascribed to the use of starches of different origin... 

Several dye coloration scales are used to characterize starch varieties. Perhaps the oldest is the differentiation between starches based on the uptake of Saphranin and Gentiana Violet (see Table XXXVIII).787 Co-vello788 presented another coloration scale which is based on the use of six common acidic and basic dyes (see Table XXXIX). Like the Saphranin and Gentiana Violet dyes, these dyes adsorb directly on starch. Table XL presents a list of synthetic dyes tested in starch dyeing.789-790 Zwikker791 observed the reactions of mechanically damaged starch granules and amylo-... 

Lipatov798 recognized that the sorption of Methylene Blue on starch is a heterogenous neutralization reaction of neutralization in which starch acts as an acid. Adsorption isotherms of Methylene Blue on starch indicate that it is an equilibrium process and that swelling as well as other internal structural factors are responsible for the sigmoidal shape of the isotherm.799-800 It is also known that the Langmuir isotherm is affected by equilibrium between the monomer and dimer forms of Methylene Blue, both of which are capable of adsorption on starch (Table XLV).801... 

Anionic dyes readily adsorb on starch (Tables XXXIX-XLIII).802 However, there is evidence that this rule is violated in the case of potato starch.802-803 The simplest intepretation of this fact has been presented in terms of the phosphate groups present in potato starch. A relationship exists between the phosphorus content in potato starch and the sorption capacity of that starch for Methylene Blue. The sorption follows the Langmuir isotherm. Extrapolation of the result to 0% phosphate leads to the conclusion that no Methylene Blue would be adsorbed on phosphate-free starch.804 Methylene Blue is better adsorbed on potato starch, but is also... 

Most amylase preparations have a certain phosphatase activity. Some of the preparations used in our experiments were tested on glycerophosphate (Table XXVI) at pH 5.3 and 30°. Parallel experiments with potato starch (Table XXVI) show that the action of the phosphatases on the combined phosphoric acid in starch or limit dextrins, respectively, is very slight compared to the action on glycerophosphate. It is not clear... 

The iodine affinity is due to the formation of colored complexes with amylose. The color of this complex depends on both the concentration of the iodine in the solution and the kind of starch. Amylose binds 20% (v/v) of iodine, to develop a blue color, whereas amylopectin binds only O.S to 1% (v/v) of iodine to give a red-violet eolor. Starch which does not contain any amylose gives a red color with iodine. Thus, evaluation of the degree of dextrinization based on the observations of Komm and Martin needs standardization of the method and approach, because ofthe variability in the origin of the starch. Table XVI shows that methods in use to date are not equivalent to one another. The color-development characteristics are again dependent on the origin of the starch. ... 

Carbohydrates are naturaiiy occurring compounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, with hydrogen and oxygen atoms in the ratio 2 1 as in water. They are polyhydroxy (they contain many -OH groups) aidehydes and ketones, or compounds that can be hydrolysed to make polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones. The chemical names of many carbohydrates end in ose . Starch, table sugar (sucrose) and cotton and paper (cellulose) are all composed of carbohydrates. 

Plasticized starch has widely been studied in a mixture with other polymers [AVE 04a, AVE 00a, AVE 00b, AVE 01a, MAR 01a, MAR 01b, SCH 04]. A large nrrmber of patents have been pubUshed on this subject [AVE 04a]. These research efforts have led to the commercialization of different biodegradable blends - some of them based on plasticized starch (Table 9.4). 

Fermented carbohydrates Galactose, lactose, glucose, fructose, mannose, sucrose, maltose, trehalose, starch (Table 8) ... 

Vazconez et al. (2009) investigated the effect of water solubility on chitosan-tapioca starch (Table 15.3). The solubility was reported as the difference between the initial and final dry matter with respect to the initial dry matter. The presence of chitosan can reduce water solubility of starch-based films. In this sense, the addition of chitosan can improve potential applications of films due to chitosan has higher hydrophohicity and this can be responsible for the lower interactions between film matrix and water. On the... 

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