Staphylococcus epidermidis infection caused

Infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients receiving hemodialysis. The cause of infection is usually related to organisms found on the skin, namely Staphylococcus epidermidis and S. aureus. Other organisms have also been found to cause access-related infections. The greatest risk to patients receiving hemodialysis is the development of... 

Gram-positive spherical bacteria (cocci) arranged in clusters are staphylococci. Staphylococcus epidermidis is foimd normally on the skin and mucous membranes in high numbers. However, it can cause an infection if an opportunity such as a skin abrasion occms. Staphylococcus aureus is also found on the skin and mucous membranes but in lower numbers than S. epidermidis. It is a much more virulent pathogen and usually causes more serious disease. About half the ocular infections that occur are caused by staphylococci. 

PenicBlins Resistant to Pemditnase. Modification of the penicillin structure produced a group of drugs including methicillin, oxacillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, and nafcillin that are not susceptible to staphylococcal penicillinase. Their appropriate use is in the treatment of infections caused by strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis that produce penicillinase. These include most strains isolated from hospital settings and the general commimity. 

Methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis and penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae have been isolated from ocular infections. Therefore treatment of ocular infections caused by these organisms might require use of vancomycin for resolution. Vancomycin is also recommended for empiric intra-vitreal and topical therapy in bacterial endophthalmitis and for parenteral therapy in moderate to severe preseptal cellulitis (see Table 11-1). 

Coagulase-negative staphylococci, such as Staphylococcus epidermidis, are the most common causes of catheter-related infections due to their ability to adhere to prosthetic material. Staphylococcus aureus, aerobic gramnegative bacilli, and Candida albicans are also common causes of catheter-related infections. Depending on local susceptibility patterns, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) may represent up to 20% of all isolates. In contrast, upward of 80% of S. epidermidis are methicillin-resistant (MRSE). 

Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis are Grampositive cocci that normally colonize the epithelial surfaces of humans [20, 21], 5. epidermidis is considered part of the normal human microbial flora, while S. aureus is usually regarded as a transient member. Colonization by either species usually does not lead to adverse events, unless the bacterium or their extracellular products penetrate the epithelial layer, which may cause serious infections such as necrotizing pneumonia, and toxic shock syndrome [22]. 

Gram-positive opportunistic pathogens such as Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus, E. faecalis and E. faecium have the capacity to form biofilms on foreign medical devices such as catheters, and surgical implants [52, 53], These microorganisms are normal inhabitants of healthy humans, in recent years, however, the bacteria emerged as a common cause of nosocomial infections [54], Interestingly,... 

The usual organisms in both device pocket and systemic infections are Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, the latter more often the cause in late infections. Unusual organisms, however, are not rare. 

Use of contact lenses increases the risk of corneal infection. The most common pathogens that cause eye infection are Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, and S. pneumoniae. Fungi rarely cause eye infections. Commonly used disinfectants are benzalkonium chloride and chlorhexidine. 

Bacteria and fungi commonly cause infections in neutropenic patients. Gram-positive cocci (Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, streptococci, and enterococci) have emerged as the most common... 

Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species, particularly S. epidermidis, are the most common causes of catheter-related bacteremia [25], Heavy colonization of the skin-insertion site has been shown to be strongly correlated with catheter-related bacteremia. In hemodialysis patients, the risk of S. aureus bacteremia is six times greater than in nonhemodialysis patients. And numerous incidents of intravascular infection have been traced to microbially contaminated topical disinfectants. 

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