Staphylococcal enterotoxin D

Domiati-Saad R, Attrep JF, Brezinschek H-P, Cherrie AH, Karp DR, Lipsky PE Staphylococcal enterotoxin D functions as a human B cell superantigen by rescuing VH4-expressing B cells from apoptosis. J Immunol 1996 156 3608-3620. 

Al-Daccak R, Mehindate K, Damdoumi F, Etongue-Mayer R Nilsson H, Antonsson P, Sundstrom M, Dohlsten M, Sekaly RP, Mourad W Staphylococcal enterotoxin D is a promiscuous superantigen... 

Bayles, K.W. and landolo, J.J. 1989. Genetic and molecular analyses of the gene encoding staphylococcal enterotoxin D. /. Bacteriol. 171 4799-4806. 

Tempelman L.A., King K.D., Anderson G.P., Ligler F.S., Quantitating staphylococcal enterotoxin B in diverse media using a portable fiber optic biosensor, Anal. Biochem. 1996 223 50-57. 

Scheuber, P.H., Denzlinger, C., Wilker, D., Bed Keppler, G. and Hammer, D.K., Staphylococcal enterotoxin B as a nonimmunological mast cell stimulus in primates the role of endogenous cysteinyl leukotriens, Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol., 82, 289-291, 1987. 

Nedelkov, D., and Nelson, R. W. (2003). Detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B via bio-molecular interaction analysis mass spectrometry. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69,5212-5215. 

In one report, an array of antigens patterned on a substrate was constructed for detection of IgG antibodies from various species. This method, termed miniaturized mosaic immunoassay, is rendered possible by using the PDMS channel for patterning materials [1027]. In another report, various antibodies were patterned via the PDMS channel on a substrate for detection of three antigens FI antigen (from Yersinia pestis), staphylococcal enterotoxin B, and D-dimer (DDi, a marker of sepsis and thrombotic disorder) [1028],... 

Wang, G. De, J. Schoeniger, J. Roe, D. Carbonell, R., A hexamer peptide ligand that binds selectively to staphylococcal enterotoxin b Isolation from a solid phase combinatorial library. J. Pept. Res. 2004, 64, 51-64. 

Rapid diagnostic assays for detection of toxin agents are available for Botulinum Toxin Clostridium Perfringens Toxin Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B and Staphylococcal Enterotoxins A/C1,2,3/D... 

Park CE, Szabo R (1986) Evaluation of the reversed passive latex agglutination (RPLA) test kits for detection of staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, C, and D in foods. Can J Microbiol 32 723-727... 

Mollick JA, Miller GG, Musser JM, Cook RG, Grossman D, Rich RR A novel superantigen isolated from pathogenic strains of Streptococcus pyogenes with aminoterminal homology to staphylococcal enterotoxins B and C. J Clin Invest 1993 92 710-719. 

Hartwig U, Gerlach D, Fleischer B Major histocompatibility complex class II binding site for streptococcal pyrogenic (erythrogenic) toxin A. Med Microbiol Immunol 1994 183 257-264. Hudson KR, Tiedemann RE, Urban RG, Lowe SC, Strominger JL, Fraser JD Staphylococcal enterotoxin A has two cooperative binding sites on major histocompatibility complex class II. J Exp Med 1995 182 711-720. 

Li H, Llera A, Tsuchiya D, Leder L, Ysem X, Schlievert PM, Karjalainen K, Mariuzza RA Three-dimensional structure of the complex between a T cell receptor beta chain and the superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B. Immunity 1998 9 807-816. 

Casman EP, Bennett RW, Dorsey AE, Issa JA Identification of a fourth staphylococcal enterotoxin, enterotoxin D. J Bacteriol 1967 94 1875-1882. 

Sundstrom M, Abrahmsen L, Antonsson P, Mehindate K, Mourad W, Dohlsten M The crystal structure of staphylococcal enterotoxin type D reveals Zn2+-mediated homodimerization. EMBO J... 

Scheuber PH, Denzlinger C, Wilker D, Beck G, Keppler D, Hammer DK Cysteinyl leuko-trienes as mediators of staphylococcal enterotoxin B in the monkey. Eur J Clin Invest 1987 17 455 459. 

Harris TO, Grossman D, Kappler JW, Marrack P, Rich RR, Betley MJ Lack of complete correlation between emetic and T-cell-stimulatory activities of staphylococcal enterotoxins. Infect Immun 1993 61 3175-3183. 

Grossman D, Cook RG, Sparrow JT, Mollick JA, Rich RR Dissociation of the stimulatory activities of staphylococcal enterotoxins forT cells and monocytes. J Exp Med 1990 172 1831-1841. 

Dohlsten M, Bjorklund M, Sundstedt A, Hedlund G, Samson D, Kalland T Immunopharmacology of the superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin A in T-cell receptor V beta 3 transgenic mice. Immunology 1993 79 520-527. 

Mittrucker HW, Shahinian A, Bouchard D, Kundig TM, Mak TW Induction of unresponsiveness and impaired T cell expansion by staphylococcal enterotoxin B in CD28-deficient mice. J Exp Med 1996 183 2481-2488. 

Heaton T, Mallon D, Venaille T, Holt P Staphylococcal enterotoxin induced IL-5 stimulation as a cofactor in the pathogenesis of atopic disease the hygiene hypothesis in reverse Allergy 2003 58 252-256. 

Maraldo, D., Mutharasan, R. Detection and confirmation of Staphylococcal enterotoxin B in apple juice and milk using piezoelectric-excited millimeter-sized cantilever (PEMC) sensors at 2.5 femtograms/mL. Analytical Chemistry 2007, 70 (7), 1670-1677, D01 10.1021/ac0705891... 

Sergeev, N., D. Volokhov, V. Chizhikov, and A. Rasooly. Simultaneous analysis of multiple staphylococcal enterotoxin genes by an oligonucleotide microarray assay. J Clin Microbiol. 2004, 42(5), 2134-2143... 

Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) are the most widely studied of the toxic foodborne proteins. Although these toxins are produced by various strains of Staphylococcus, evidence has shown they are primarily produced by the Staphylococcus aureus strain. Currently there are nine enterotoxins (A, B, C, D, E, G, H, I, J) that have been identified in a wide variety of food products meat, poultry and egg products, milk and dairy products, as well as bakery products [35]. The infective dose of toxins is estimated to be 0.1 p-g/kg body mass [36]. Detection of the presence of SEs is typically done through isolation in the suspected food source [6]. 

Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphyiococcus aureus secrete a number of enterotoxins and pyrogenic exotoxins, respectively. These toxins are known as superantigens, since they simultaneously form complexes with the major histocompatibility class II (MHC-II) molecules and T-cell receptors (TCRs) enabling them to activate a number of T-cell lymphocytes.Thus, superantigens stimulate up to 20% of the T cells while only 0.0001% to 0.001% T cells are stimulated upon normal antigen presentation. The massive T-cell activation leads to cytokine release and systemic shock. The staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) A, B, C1-C3, D and... 

Kraft M, Filsinger S, Kramer KL, Kabelitz D, Hansch GM, Schools M Synovial fibroblasts as accessory cells for staphylococcal enterotoxin-mediated T-cell activation. Immunology 1995 85 461-466. 

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