Stannic...,

Tin IV) chloride, SnCU, stannic chloride. M.p. — 33" C, b.p. 1I4°C. Colourless fuming liquid (Sn plus CI2) hydrolysed in water but forms SnCl4,5H20 and [SnCl p" from acid solutions, soluble in organic solvents. Used as a mordant. 

Tin iy) fluoride, Snp4, stannic fluoride. Polymeric solid formed Sn plus F2 or SnCU plus HF. Very hygroscopic, forms fluoro-stannales(IV) containing [SnFgp ions. 

Stannic chloride is prepared by treating metallic tin with chlorine Sn + 2C1 SnCl4... 

Both aliphatic and aromatic nitro-compounds can be readily reduced in acid solution to the corresponding primary amine. Thus when a mixture of nitrobenzene and tin is treated with hydrochloric acid, the tin dissolves to give stannous chloride, SnCh, which in these circumstances then reacts with more acid to give stannic chloride, SnCl, and the nascent hydrogen produced from... 

Stannic and stannous, see under Tin Stibine, see Antimony hydride Stibnite, see Antimony(III) sulflde Stolzite, see Lead tungstate(VI)(2—)... 

Stannic oxide heated to 200 C 0-088 Carbon tetrachloride 0-085 Carbon tetrachloride 14... 

Fig. 4.25 Adsorption isotherms showing low-pressure hysteresis, (a) Carbon tetrachloride at 20°C on unactivated polyacrylonitrile carbon Curves A and B are the desorption branches of the isotherms of the sample after heat treatment at 900°C and 2700°C respectively Curve C is the common adsorption branch (b) water at 22°C on stannic oxide gel heated to SOO C (c) krypton at 77-4 K on exfoliated graphite (d) ethyl chloride at 6°C on porous glass. (Redrawn from the diagrams in the original papers, with omission of experimental points.)...

FLAMERETARDANTS - ANTIMONY AND OTHERINORGANIC FLALIE RETARDANTS] (Vol 10) Stannic phosphate [15142-98-0]... 

Parameter Zinc hydroxy staimate Zinc staimate Stannic oxide... 

The mechanism by which tin flame retardants function has not been well defined, but evidence indicates tin functions in both the condensed and vapor phases. In formulations in which there is at least a 4-to-l mole ratio of halogen to tin, reactions similar to those of antimony and halogen are assumed to occur. Volatile stannic tetrahaUde may form and enter the flame to function much in the same manner as does antimony trihaUde. 

In some cases, particularly with iaactive metals, electrolytic cells are the primary method of manufacture of the fluoroborate solution. The manufacture of Sn, Pb, Cu, and Ni fluoroborates by electrolytic dissolution (87,88) is patented. A typical cell for continous production consists of a polyethylene-lined tank with tin anodes at the bottom and a mercury pool (ia a porous basket) cathode near the top (88). Pluoroboric acid is added to the cell and electrolysis is begun. As tin fluoroborate is generated, differences ia specific gravity cause the product to layer at the bottom of the cell. When the desired concentration is reached ia this layer, the heavy solution is drawn from the bottom and fresh HBP is added to the top of the cell continuously. The direct reaction of tin with HBP is slow but can be accelerated by passiag air or oxygen through the solution (89). The stannic fluoroborate is reduced by reaction with mossy tin under an iaert atmosphere. In earlier procedures, HBP reacted with hydrated stannous oxide. 

The main binary tin fluorides are stannous fluoride and stannic fluoride. Because the stannous ion,, is readily oxidized to the stannic ion,, most reported tin and fluorine complexes are of tin(IV) and fluorostannates. Stannous fluoroborates have also been reported. 

The pH of a freshly prepared 0.4% solution of stannous fluoride is between 2.8 and 3.5. Initially clear aqueous solutions become cloudy on standing owing to hydrolysis and oxidation. The insoluble residue is a mixture containing stannous and stannic species, fluoride, oxide, oxyfluorides, and hydrates. 

Alkyltin Intermedia.tes, For the most part, organotin stabilizers are produced commercially from the respective alkyl tin chloride intermediates. There are several processes used to manufacture these intermediates. The desired ratio of monoalkyl tin trichloride to dialkyltin dichloride is generally achieved by a redistribution reaction involving a second-step reaction with stannic chloride (tin(IV) chloride). By far, the most easily synthesized alkyltin chloride intermediates are the methyltin chlorides because methyl chloride reacts directiy with tin metal in the presence of a catalyst to form dimethyl tin dichloride cleanly in high yields (21). Coaddition of stannic chloride to the reactor leads directiy to almost any desired mixture of mono- and dimethyl tin chloride intermediates ... 

The other commercially important routes to alkyltin chloride intermediates utilize an indirect method having a tetraalkjitin intermediate. Tetraalkyltins are made by transmetaHation of stannic chloride with a metal alkyl where the metal is typicaHy magnesium or aluminum. Subsequent redistribution reactions with additional stannic chloride yield the desired mixture of monoalkyl tin trichloride and dialkyltin dichloride. Both / -butjitin and / -octjitin intermediates are manufactured by one of these schemes. 

A telomerization reaction of isoprene can be carried out by treatment with 2-chloro-3-pentene, prepared by the addition of dry HCl to 1,3-pentadiene (67). An equimolar amount of isoprene in dichi oromethane reacts with the 2-chloro-3-pentene at 10°C with stannic chloride as catalyst. l-Chloro-3,5-dimethyl-2,6-octadiene is obtained in 80% yield by 1,4-addition. 

Acidic Properties. As a typical acid, it reacts readily with alkaUes, basic oxides, and carbonates to form salts. The largest iadustrial appHcation of nitric acid is the reaction with ammonia to produce ammonium nitrate. However, because of its oxidising nature, nitric acid does not always behave as a typical acid. Bases having metallic radicals ia a reduced state (eg, ferrous and staimous hydroxide becoming ferric and stannic salts) are oxidized by nitric acid. Except for magnesium and manganese ia very dilute acid, nitric acid does not Hberate hydrogen upon reaction with metals. 

Copper and tin phosphides are used as deoxidants in the production of the respective metals, to increase the tensile strength and corrosion resistance in phosphor bronze [12767-50-9] and as components of brazing solders (see Solders and brazing alloys). Phosphor bronze is an alloy of copper and 1.25—11 wt % tin. As tin may be completely oxidized in a copper alloy in the form of stannic oxide, 0.03—0.35 wt % phosphoms is added to deoxidize the alloy. Phosphor copper [12643-19-5] is prepared by the addition of phosphoms to molten copper. Phosphor tin [66579-64-4] 2.5—3 wt % P, is made for the deoxidation of bronzes and German silver. 

Carbonyl Compounds. Cychc ketals and acetals (dioxolanes) are produced from reaction of propylene oxide with ketones and aldehydes, respectively. Suitable catalysts iaclude stannic chloride, quaternary ammonium salts, glycol sulphites, and molybdenum acetyl acetonate or naphthenate (89—91). Lactones come from Ph4Sbl-cataly2ed reaction with ketenes (92). 

Platinum-group metals (qv) form complexes with chelating polymers with various 8-mercaptoquinoline [491-33-8] derivatives (83) (see Chelating agents). Hydroxy-substituted quinolines have been incorporated in phenol—formaldehyde resins (84). Stannic chloride catalyzes the condensation of bis(chloromethyl)benzene with quinoline (85). 

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