Standards emergency lighting

British Standards Institute (BSI), BS 5266 Emergency Lighting. BSI, London, U.K. 

Emergency lighting should be planned, installed and maintained to the highest standards of reliability and integrity, so that it will operate satisfactorily when called into action, no matter how infrequently this may be. 

Provisions of life safety codes address many aspects of a building. There are properties of interior finishes, size, number and location of exits, exit distance, protection of exit routes from fire and smoke, alarm systems, emergency lighting, signage for exit routes, compartmentation, construction type, horizontal and vertical openings, extinguishing systems, and other factors. The discussion below addresses some of these provisions. For details, refer to the standards. 

Fire, exit, and life safety codes typically define minimum light levels for exits and exit routes. In some cases the minimum level is very low. That level may not be suUicient for transition zones where one experiences a sudden change in illumination. This is particularly true if the transition involves dark adaptation. The life safety and exit codes also have standards for emergency lighting. Other standards may offer minimum illumination levels for safety in general. Table 20 offers some recommendations for minimum illumination levels. 

British Standards Institution, BS 5266, Emergency lighting, numerous parts, BSI, London... 

Chapter 56 and section 313-02-01 are concerned with the requirements for electricity supplies for safety services which are generally for energising fire alarms, fire fighting and emergency lighting installations, but also, for example, for gas detection installations in unattended locations where there is a flammable hazard. Some of these installations are subject to statutory requirements which the designer must observe. He should also have regard to applicable standards and codes of practice. 

It is also likely that the fire risk assessor/assess-ment team may also need to have access to a variety of documents produced as part of the requirements of the Building Regulations (Approved Documents B and M), and a variety of British Standards such as BS 5839 Fire Alarm and Detection Systems and BS 5266 Emergency Lighting. 

The particles most likely to cause adverse health effects are the fine particulates, in particular, particles smaller than 10 p and 2.5 mm in aerodynamic diameter, respectively. They are sampled using (a) a high-volume sampler with a size-selective inlet using a quartz filter or (b) a dichotomous sampler that operates at a slower flow rate, separating on a Teflon filter particles smaller than 2.5 mm and sizes between 2.5 mm and 10 mm. No generally accepted conversion method exists between TSP and PM,o, which may constitute between 40% and 70% of TSP. In 1987, the USEPA switched its air quality standards from TSP to PMk,. PM,q standards have also been adopted in, for example, Brazil, Japan, and the Philippines. In light of the emerging evidence on the health impacts of fine particulates, the USEPA has proposed that U.S. ambient standards for airborne particulates be defined in terms of fine particulate matter. 

Porphyrins and porphyrin precursors are assayed most often in a 24-h urine collected without additive. Alternatively, untimed urine samples may be used and excretion standardized to creatinine. The latter is especially recommended for children and in emergency situations. Alternative specimens for porphyrins are plasma, erythrocytes, and feces, depending on the medical indication. During collection and until arrival at the laboratory, specimens should be kept cold, preferably at about 4°C, and protected from light. Specimens in the laboratory are best kept frozen, as the metabolites in body fluids are stable at -20°C for at least 3 months. Some exceptions have been noted below. 

Virus protection activities defined in a policy and procedure for governing vims protection for SCADA systems include methods for checking automation system data and software integrity, e.g., standards and requirements for installing fixes/patches for known automation control system problems. Periodic assessment of automation control system vulnerabilities are to be undertaken in the light of emerging knowledge. 

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