Big-bang model

F. Hoyle and R. J. Tayler point out significance of additional neutrinos for helium synthesis in the Big Bang model. 

In this chapter, we reviewed the broad outlines of the Big Bang model for the origin of the universe and discussed some of the supporting observations. We showed that the Big Bang gave rise to hydrogen, helium, and some lithium, beryllium, and boron, but that other elements were produced primarily in stars. The rest of the elements were synthesized in stars via the nuclear reactions that cause the stars to shine. To understand stellar nucleosynthesis, it is necessary to understand the characteristics of stars. Astronomers use... 

The atoms, specifically their nuclei, that comprise the solar system were made in a variety of environments (cf. Woolum, 1988). H and most of the He were made in the Big Bang. The He/H ratio, and the isotope ratios D/H and 3He/4He, are adequately accounted for in Big Bang models perhaps a better statement is that these ratios provide important constraints on such models. The Big Bang made just a little heavier... 

Weizsacker s theory shared with other theories of element formation the assumption of an equilibrium mechanism. It was the abandonment of this assumption in the 1940s that paved the way for the first successful big-bang model of the universe, proposed by George Gamow and his collaborators in 1948. That the equilibrium hypothesis might not be tenable had been suggested as early as 1931, when the two American chemists Harold Urey and Charles Bradley argued that the relative abundance of terrestrial elements could not be reconciled with the hypothesis, whatever the temperature of the equilibrium mixture. [45]... 

If cosmology is to be consistent with all of science it requires serious revision in order to come into line with chemical evidence pertaining to the periodicity of matter, the cosmic abundance of nuclides and the self-similar symmetry between objects large and small. All of these aspects, either refute, or remain neutral to the provisions of the big-bang model. A valid model, in line with... 

Cosmic microwave background radiation The uniform background radiation in the microwave region of the spectrum that is observed in all directions in the sky. Its discovery added credence to the big bang model of the universe. 

The Big Bang. In what is generally known as the standard family of Big Bang (Friedmann) models, 7Li is the only LiBeB nuclide synthesised in observable amounts. This Li in full or in part is seen in warm very metal-poor stars, as the Spite plateau. Nonstandard Big Bang models in a wide variety of forms have been proposed. Often, the consequences for the primordial nucleosynthesis are a focus of these proposals. 

When the above four basic observational facts are combined and considered together, there is no escape from the conclusion that our universe is expanding and cooling. This conclusion is entirely consistent with the Hot Big Bang model. Sometimes, we hear the stronger statement that these observations prove that there was a Hot Big Bang. However, the scientific method does not truly produce proofs in the mathematical sense. 

Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics. University of Cambridge. The Hot Big Bang Model. Available online. URL http //www.solarviews.com/eng/asteroid.htm. Accessed on November 1, 2006. 

Luminet, J-P. (2007) The Rise of Big Bang Models, from Myth to Theory and Observations, Astrophys., 2007, arXiv 0704.3579vi. 

There is a perception that standard cosmology is firmly based on the general theory of relativity, which is said to supersede the dictates of special relativity. However, this is a fabrication that only serves to corroborate the big-bang fantasy. Ironically, many opponents of the big-bang model fail to recognize this fundamental fallacy at the root of the expan ding-universe avowal. 

We shall demonstrate that all of the currently competing models, including the standard big-bang model, fail on this score. 

---