Closed universe

GEN. 124.1. Prigogine, De I univers clos de la mecanique a I univers ouvert de Tentropie (From the closed universe of mechanics to the open universe of entropy), Institut Royal Superieur de Defense, Contact, No. 75, 1986. 

Figure 4.2 Strange universes, (a) Tapping yourself on the back in a small, closed universe. (Drawing by Clay Fried.) (b) Like bubbles floating in the air, many separate n-dimensional worlds could exist if the universe were +/-dimensional. Could our universe be one of many separated in 4-D space If these spaces were to touch at some point, would we be able to communicate with an adjacent world (c) Your inside-out friend in a small, hyperspherical universe. (Drawing by Clay Fried.)... 

The feedstock was mixed with 3% (w/w) sulfuric acid solution in 500-mL closed universal flasks with a liquid-to-solid ratio of 8 (w/w). The moisture content of the samples was included as water in the material balances. The mixtures were allowed to stand for 10 min at room temperature in order to equilibrate the acid concentrations between the bulk phase and biomass. Hydrolysis was performed in an autoclave at 130°C for pre-established isothermal periods ranging from 2 to 240 min. The flasks were placed inside the autoclave at 100°C, and the heating time to reach 130°C was recorded. After the reaction time had elapsed, the autoclave was rapidly cooled down and the hydrolysate and solid phase were recovered by filtration (Whatman no. 1 filter paper). All experiments were done at least in duplicate. 

The major selling point of standard cosmology is the observed isotropic microwave background radiation, with black-body spectrum. In a closed universe it needs no explanation. Radiation, which accumulates in any closed cavity, tends, by definition, to an equilibrium wavelength distribution according to Planck s formula (Figure 2.5). 

Vilenkin s proposal is that small closed universes spontaneously nucleate out of nothing, where nothing refers to the absence of not only matter, but also of space and time (1995, p. 846). He goes on to assert We are one of an infinite number of civilizations living in thermalized regions of die metauniverse (1995, p. 847). This illustrates rather well what may happen when one allows an infinite number of entities or of events to be realized ... 

The symmetry that combines the different periodic arrangements of the elements is summarized best by mapping to a projective plane, a two-dimensional section of which is a Mobius band. This construct is an attractive model for a closed universe in which the conjugate chiral forms of matter are separated in a natural way. 

Because of spatial curvature an initially stationary array of non-interacting particles (ideal gas) spontaneously generates relative internal (zero-point) motion. This intrinsic microscopic instability is responsible for the dispersal of energy and the source of entropy. Transportation along the interface inverts, not only the time coordinate, but also the entropy production. Integrated over the entire closed universe the total entropy production is zero... 

The common imponderable is the topology and dimensionality of space-time, not very likely to be resolved in the foreseeable future. The smart way out is to look for the simplest solution to the problem - a closed universe with an illusionary size, suggested by an infinitude of multiple images of celestial objects. This way many exotic objects such as black holes, supernovae, quasars, radio sources and the like may be located either in the Milky Way or its immediate environs of sibling galaxies. 

My assessment is that Oldershaw has identified a major symmetry of the cosmos, but like most symmetries in Nature, it is not perfect. Extrapolation to infinities and singularities is therefore not valid. A major deficiency is the failure to recognize CPT symmetry and the role of antimatter which, in our view, implies a closed universe. 

Both K. Zeigler and G. Natta had been awarded Ph.D. degrees and had close university affiliations. However, Hogan and Banks possessed only M.S. degrees and were employed by Phillips Petroleum Co. at Bartlesville, OK which is a long way from any university and is a gasoline oriented corporation. 

Nevertheless, participants were not too down-hearted to indulge in a little light relief and for those of you who have not seen the course proceedings I think you might find more than an element of truth in Mitchell s Island, Coppi s Closed Universe, Kulcinski s World and Duchs Elephant ... 

This brief passage not only reinforces Poe s emphasis on arrangement of parts, but also suggests the scene of the narrator s confrontation of the house in two other respects. Like the undisturbed tale, the house reminds the narrator of the specious totality of old wood-work which has rotted for long years in some neglected vault, with no disturbance from the breath of the external air P T, 320). And because the narrator, in crossing the causeway, is about to enter this closed universe of Usher, he resembles the ideal reader who contemplates it with a kindred art. ... 

All debates on the interpretation of quantum mechanics must end in confusion, unless the classical and non-classical models of the world are clearly distinguished. The classical model is based on the assumption that persistent fragmentation of matter terminates in a set of elementary particles that resist further subdivision, but retain the innate quality to predict the behavior of matter in the bulk. A non-classical alternative starts at the other extreme with a featureless plenum that develops periodic wave structures in a topologically closed universe. In projective relativity [25], there is... 

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