Isotropic microwave background

The isotropic microwave background radiation, observed in the vacuum, has the same wavelength distribution as a black body, which shows that the universe is closed, like a cavity, rather than open and expanding. 

The major selling point of standard cosmology is the observed isotropic microwave background radiation, with black-body spectrum. In a closed universe it needs no explanation. Radiation, which accumulates in any closed cavity, tends, by definition, to an equilibrium wavelength distribution according to Planck s formula (Figure 2.5). 

As p TV, at the antipodal point in the projective space, the redshift approaches totality as 2 —> oo. In the stationary Minkowski frame the antipode is infinitely distant at an infinite time coordinate. The conditions leading to the derivation of the redshift formula are not met for radiation with a propagation interval close to a half-circuit in space, and such photons will appear entirely delocalized and severely redshifted, constituting the isotropic microwave background. Segal ascribes the Planddan distribution to the conservation of energy, which is tantamount to the fact that any closed space must eventually impose a Planckian spectrum on stray radiation. 

The impetus for this suggestion came from two different sources. After the discovery in 1967 that the cosmic microwave background was isotropic to at least the 0.1 percent level, many were asking What sorts of initial conditions could have made this possible after billions of years had passed Brandon Carter and others posed a different query What if the fundamental dimensionless constants of nature, like the ratios between the strengths of the four fundamental forces or the value of the fine-structure constant, were to be slightly different What difference would it make to the prospects of life It was the direction ultimately taken in response to the former of these questions that drew the attention of the wider public to the phenomenon that would later be dubbed fine-tuning. ... 

The most important result of both microwave and submillimeter large-scale anisotropy measurements to this time is that the temperature of the cosmic background varies by no more than about one part per thousand over large angles. This already provides our best evidence that the universe in the large is isotropic. 

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