Staking process

The STAKE process, described in the following subchapter, has shown that at 230 °C working without any foreign acid , only with the innate acids produced by the raw material, requires a residence time of 6.3 minutes, and that normal stainless steel is sufficient to withstand these innate acids at this temperature. 

A measured characteristic of a STAKE process at 230 C is illustrated in Figure 25. It shows the appearance and disappearance of pentose as a function of time. As can be... 

An overall concept of the STAKE process is depicted in Figure 26. The furfural yield of this scheme was calculated to be in the order of 66 percent. 

In the light of all the facts now available from many independent sources, new furfural processes, as the SUPRATHERM and STAKE processes, aim at the increased yields obtainable at high temperatures, even without removal of the furfural from the scene of the reaction. Although this leads to somewhat uncomfortable high pressures, it is certainly a correct route towards higher yields, based on a fundamental principle of thermodynamics, and in hindsight the circumstances at the birth of the furfural industry must be deplored. 

Inasmuch as all industrial furfural processes are carried out at elevated pressures, they all involve a depressurization (flashing) of the residue. In the case of processes where the raw material is steam-stripped to the point of exhaustion, the flashing of the residue yields very little if any furfural, but in the case of non-stripped single pass processes, such as the SUPRATHERM and STAKE processes, the flashing of the residue is an important part of the overall process in that it yields a vapor stream containing most of the furfural produced, and a residue still containing some furfural in its liquid phase. This is illustrated schematically in Figure 123. 

To obtain a comprehensive picture of the yield situation, diagrams of the type shown in Figure 132 must be drawn for various temperatures. In this fashion, it is found that the condensation loss decreases markedly with increasing temperatures. This is strong support for the high temperatures advocated in the SUPRATHERM and STAKE processes. 

Approximately 2.5 million t of viscose process regenerated ceUulose fibers were produced in 1990 (Table 1). Measured by production capacity in 1990, the leading producers of filament yams in 1990 were the Soviet Union state-owned factories (255,000 t capacity) and Akzo Fibres in Europe (100,000 t). The leading producers of staple fiber and tow were Courtaulds with 180,000 t capacity spUt between the UK and North America Formosa Chemicals and Fibres Co. with 150,000 t in Taiwan Tenzing with 125,000 t in Austria, and a 40% stake in South Pacific Viscose s 37,000 t Indonesian plant and Grasim Industries in India (125,000 t). BASF s U.S. capacity of 50,000 t was acquired by Tenzing in 1992. 

Industry should also continue to commit resources to academic research, for reasons that go far deeper than the desirability of additional funds. The development of any engineering field, and particularly one as closely linked to manufacturing as chemical engineering, needs the intellectual guidance that can only come from an industry with a stake in research outcomes. Also, industry has to be linked to academia so that new laboratory results can be rapidly transferred to product and process design. An industry committed to financial sponsorship and personnel exchanges with academia will make sure that the crucial industrial intellectual involvement needed for success exists. Thus, the committee mges that ... 

The challenge of wicked problems is exacerbated by social complexity - the number and diversity of stakeholders in the problem-solving process. Social complexity means that the environment of a project team is populated by individuals, other project teams, and other organizations that have the power to undermine the project if their stake is not considered - or if they are not at least included in the thinking and decision-making process [19]. 

These "discoveries" were to include old but impracticable processes if new know-how were discovered. Buna rubber—made from coal, water, and air—was not yet produced on a commercial scale. Therefore, the whole deal would be less unequal, because Standard at least had a stake in the development of buna. Farben agreed to turn into the pool each new improvement so that Standard could also make, improve, and sell buna rubber at will. 

The understanding of the role played by all stake-holders in the cleanup process, including scientists, economists, managers, regulators, public... 

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