Spreads worldwide production

Surfactants (Fig. 23) represent one of the major and most versatile groups of organic compounds produced around the world [314]. Their main uses are industrial, 54% (cleaning products, food, and industrial processing), household, 29% (laundry, dishwashing, etc.) and personal care, 17% (soaps, shampoos, cosmetics). The worldwide production in 1988 [315] was 2.8 million tons. Surfactants, natural [316,317] or synthetic, change the solubility and physicochemical state of other environmental micro-constituents [318, 319] and influence their accumulation and spreading at phase boundaries [320]. 

In the nineteenth and early twentieth century, the developed world gradually replaced locally made herbal remedies with more purified, processed NPs which commanded even higher prices because patent laws could restrict the competition in the sales of such products. However, even NPs which were not protected by patent were to benefit from a remarkable form of monopoly that began to infect the developed world in the nineteenth century and spread worldwide in the twentieth century—the monopoly of the brand. Indeed, some of the world s first major brands were NP-rich products (see section on tobacco). A nice example of this is found in cola drinks where... 

Chemical contamination does not respect international borders. The contaminants are spread worldwide by air and water. Environmental organic contaminants and inorganic contaminants such as metals and metal compounds, nitrate and nitrite will be present in all foods, though sometimes in quantities below the limit of detection of the analytical methods of today. Moreover, foods as well as raw materials and ingredients for food production are to an increasing extent traded across borders. 

The Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction, shortly described as Convention on general and comprehensive prohibition of chemical weapons, or Chemical Weapons Convention, abbreviated as CWC, was adopted in 1992 after complex negotiations on the basis of The Conference on Disarmament (and previous multilateral negotiating fora in Geneva), lasting nearly a quarter of a century mainly due to the worldwide spread of chemical industry and relatively easy... 

The most important data from the declarations of SPs (see table 2) show the worldwide problems with possession, storage, former production of CW as well as with the spread of chemical industry as the point of outcome not only for the destruction of CW at present and in the near future but for monitoring the non-production of CW in chemical industry in future. 

The worldwide coal production and consumption in 1998 were 5043 and 5014 million short tons, respectively. The known world recoverable coal reserves in 1999 were 1087 billion short tons (AER, 1999 lEA, 2000). Coal reserves are rather evenly spread around the globe 25% ate in the USA, 16% in Russia, and 11.5% in China. Although coal is much more abundant than oil and gas on a global scale, coalfields can be depleted in a region. The known world recoverable coal reserves in 1999 were 989 billion tons. 

Phillips catalysts for linear polyethylene and polypropylene and the graft copolymerizations for impact polystyrene and ABS are even younger and have not yet spread into the less industrialized countries of world. The production of polyolefins, poly (vinyl chloride), and styrene resins on a worldwide basis as well as of all synthetic polymers is shown in Figure 3. A comparison of the U.S. production in Figure 1 and in Figure 3 demonstrates the effect of age and dissemination of technology. It shows that relatively more poly (vinyl chloride) but less polyolefins and styrene resins are produced worldwide than in this country. 

The olive tree Olea europaea) is the only species of the Oleacea family that produces an edible fruit. The origins of cultivation of this plant are thought to have started about 5,000-6,000 years ago in the eastern Mediterranean and adjacent zones [1]. Olive tree cultivation has now spread throughout many regimis of the world with Mediterranean-like climates such as South Africa, Chile, Australia, and California, and in areas with temperate climates such as New Zealand and Cordoba Province in Argentina. There are approximately 850 million productive olive trees worldwide, covering an area of more than ten million hectares [2,3]. Nevertheless, approximately 98% of the total surface area of oUve tree culture and total productive trees are provided by the Mediterranean area. Annual worldwide olive production is estimated to be more than 18 million tons [2]. 

The worldwide use of MTBE occurred quickly. The first MTBE plant was built in Italy in 1973, and its use then spread through Europe. By 1980, the installed capacity in Europe was almost 90 million gallons per year, which grew to over 300 million gallons per year by the end of 1990. In the United States MTBE production began about 1980 and reached more than a billion gallons by 1987. 

About 8o percent of all y-i,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohex-ane produced worldwide is used in agriculture, especially for treating soil and seeds. The wood and timber industries also use the product to protect trees from insects that attack them. In some places, y-i,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane is used as a spray to control the spread of mosquitoes. Veterinarians sometimes use the compound to treat or prevent fleas and other external parasites on animals. Gamma-1, 2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane is also a major ingredient of products used to treat head lice, scabies, and similar pests that infest body hair. 

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