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Spray capital cost

Evaporative Cooling of the Turbine. Traditional evaporative coolers that use media for evaporation of the water have been widely used in the gas turbine industry over the years, especially in hot climates with low humidity areas. The low capital cost, installation, and operating costs make it attractive for many turbine-operating scenarios. Evaporation coolers consist of water being sprayed over the media blocks, which are made of fibrous corrugated material. The airflow through these media blocks, evaporates the water, as water evaporates, it consumes about 1059 BTU (1117kJ) (latent heat of vaporization) at 60 °F (15 °C). This results in the reduction... [Pg.96]

Spray molding is the modification of the hand-lay process where the resin and glass fiber are deposited simultaneously on the molding tool. The fibers are mixed with the resin at the spray head before being deposited on the mold surface. Subsequent consolidation of the laminate is achieved by rolling in a similar manner to the hand-lay process. This method is suitable for large components. Here the capital cost is higher and the process is very operator sensitive. [Pg.817]

Condensing boilers are now available for both gas- and oil-fired plant, the advantage of these being that the flue gases are further cooled down to below 100°C so that the latent heat available in the flue gas water vapor is recovered. The condensate has to be removed and the boiler capital cost is higher than for conventional plant. However, the boiler plant efficiency is increased to the order of 90 per cent, based upon the fuel gross calorific value. Where the flue gas exit temperatures are in excess of 200° C a further economy can be obtained by the provision of a spray recuperator in the case of gas and flue gas economizers for oil and coal. [Pg.465]

There are two basic evaporator designs that are typically used atmospheric and vacuum evaporation (Metals Handbook 1987). Atmospheric evaporation principles are similar to those of a heated open tank, with the exception that the heated liquid is sprayed over plastic packing in order to increase its surface area and accelerate evaporation. Atmospheric evaporators on chrome plating lines have sometimes been used simultaneously as evaporators and as plating bath fume scrubbers. Atmospheric evaporators are considerably less expensive than vacuum evaporators. Typical atmospheric evaporator capital costs range from 2500 to 4000, while vacuum evaporator costs can be an order of magnitude or more higher. In atmospheric evaporator systems, however, vaporized water is not recovered, as it can be in vacuum systems. [Pg.63]

The differential head of the circulation water pump is relatively small, since dynamic losses are modest (short vertical pipe and a low AP spray nozzle) and the hydrauhc head is small, only about 6 m (20 ft) from the basin to the elevation of the spray header. Combined, the pumping energy demand is about 35 percent that for an equivalent CT application. The capital cost for this complete water system is also relatively small. The pumps and motors are smaller, the piping has a smaller diameter and is much shorter, and the required piping structural support is almost negligible, compared to an equivalent CT application. WSAC fan horsepower is typically about 25 percent less than that for an equivalent CT. [Pg.1344]

Static extraction columns Spray column Baffle column Packed column (random and structured packing) Sieve tray column Deliver low to medium mass-transfer efficiency, simple construction (no internal moving parts), low capital cost, low operating and maintenance costs, best suited to systems with low to moderate interfacial tension, can handle high production rates Petrochemical Chemical Food... [Pg.1745]

Spray-dryers are simpler and more compact than conventional wet scrubbers and have a lower capital and operating cost. Also, they do not produce large quantities of wastewater, and the spent absorbent is dry, thereby eliminating the need for thickening and filtration of the sludge. However, if the same dust precipitator is used for both the fly-ash and fhe spray-dryer product, the mixture of fly-ash and spent absorbent that they produce is unmarketable, and must be disposed of. Also, they require more expensive absorbents than conventional wet scrubbers. They are most suitable for retrofitting small plants that burn medium-sulfur coals, where capital costs and space restrictions are more of a consideration. ... [Pg.2708]

Precoat Vacuum Filter (Petrides, D., MIT, personal comm., 1988) Flux 200 l/m -hr 0.1 kg diatomaceous earth per kg solid removed Cake washwater sprayed on drum at a rate of 30% of feed flowrate gives 90% yield Energy requirements 0.12 Kw/m Capital cost correlation Labor 2 man-hrs/shift at 20/hr Maintenance 5% of capital Installation cost 70% of Purchased Price Indirect costs 30% of Purchased Price... [Pg.152]

A mechanized development of hand lay-up is spray moulding, in which the gelcoat, resin and chopped fibres are applied by spraygun rather than by hand. The process is much quicker than hand lay-up, but the capital costs are no longer rock bottom. The fiow characteristics and hence the styrene content of the resins are different. The fibres cannot be very long and the mechanical properties of the products will reflect this. [Pg.41]

In comparison with a spray dryer, the agitated flash configuration has a much shorter residence time and consequently is considerably smaller and requires less building space. Moreover, its ability to dry to an even lower moisture content than a spray dryer results in significant operating and capital cost savings (Table 21.18). [Pg.468]

Lime solution is employed by some operators since caustic soda is costly. However, the pipelines and spray nozzles tend to get choked due to formation of insoluble calcium salts. A variant of this method is the use of the dual alkali process wherein NaOH solution is circulated in the system and lime is used to regenerate NaOH from the spent scrubbing liquor. Other systems of proprietary design are also offered which are low in capital costs and utility consumption. [Pg.16]


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