Sprains and strains

It is used in musculoskeletal disorders, trauma, sports injuries, low backache, tension headache, sprains and strains, parkinsonism including the drug induced. 

The NSAIDs have a number of commonalities. Although not all NSAIDs are approved by the FDA for the whole range of rheumatic diseases, most are probably effective in rheumatoid arthritis, seronegative spondyloarthropathies (eg, psoriatic arthritis and arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease), osteoarthritis, localized musculoskeletal syndromes (eg, sprains and strains, low back pain), and gout (except tolmetin, which appears to be ineffective in gout). 

Used as a counterirritant in sore muscles, bruises, sprains, and strains... 

Advertisements for medicines are specifically permitted in the prevention of neural tube defects, symptoms of sprains and strains, and pain or stiffness of rheumatic or non-serious arthritic conditions. 

Topical NSAIDs are licensed for the treatment of backache, rheumatic and muscular pain, sprains and strains, including sports injuries, and for pain relief in non-serious arthritic conditions. 

It is a non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) and used mainly as its sodium salt for the relief of pain and inflammation in various conditions, such as musculoskeletal and joint disorders viz., rheumatoid, arthritis, osteoarthritis and ankylosing spondolytis peri-articular disorders, for instance bursitis and tendenitis soft-tissue disorders, such as sprains and strains and other painful conditions, namely renal colic, acute gout, dysmenorrhoea, and following certain surgical procedures. 

There were seven occupational-dummy variables, seven year-dummy variables, and eight industry-dummy variables included in the model. There were also dummy variables for the following injury types back sprain and strain, other sprains and strains, fractures, contusions and concussions, and lacerations. 175.50 was the average in 1996 for our sample. 1998 and 1997 data were judged to have too many open claims to be used as a measure of costs per worker 1998 had 52 percent of claims still open, while 1997 had 45 percent of claims stiU open. For 1996, oiily 12.6 percent of claims were open. We didn t use earher years (with still fewer open claims) because of a concern that they might be less relevant for the survey results and because of cost-of-hving differences. 

If, for example, more financial involvement in the firm reduces claim frequency by a reduction in moral hazard, then we would e q)ect that more employee financial involvement would also reduce the number of claim denials on the part of firms. Similarly, since claim-reporting moral hazard is most likely to occur in difficult-to-monitor claims such as back sprains and strains, we would expect that firms offering more financial rewards linked to workers productivity would experience relatively fewer back strain claims as the moral hazard-induced reporting of those claims falls. We examine the empirical evidence associated with these predictions in the next two sections. 

We build on the work done by Butler, Durbin, and Helvacian (1996) by considering whether HRM practices affect the distribution of injuries. Given prior evidence on soft-tissue sprain and strain, we would expect to see additional HRM practices associated with fewer sprains and strains (particularly back sprains and strains), and with relatively more fractures and lacerations, //HRM practices are reducing woik-place injuries through a claims-reporting response. 

On the other hand, if HRM practices work to reduce claims-report-ing moral hazard, we would expect to find them reducing the proportion of back sprains and strains and increasing the relative number of fractures, contusions, and cuts. 

To place the ideas discussed above into a statistical framework, we assume the typical worker experiences one of five states. The worker may not have any type of health impairment whatsoever, or the worker may experience some sort of injury that places him into one of four injury categories 1) fractures, contusions, and cuts 2) back sprains and strains 3) nonback sprains and strains and 4) all others. 

Since data are available only on workers who report claims, the noninjured state is omitted. The stochastic specification employed below implies that the parameter estimates will be unchanged by such an omission the odds ratio implied by a multinomial logit model maintains the independence of irrelevant alternatives, thus the parameter estimates will be consistent. The categorical dependent variable identifies one of the four groups of injuries above. Although the parameters for other sprains and strains (nonback) are necessarily normalized, the implied impact of the HRM variables on nonback sprains and strains is given in Table 4.4. 

Variable Total sample (3,104) Fractnre, contnsion, and cnts (345) Back sprain and strain (667) Other sprain and strain (557) All other types of injnries (1,535)... 

Variable Fracture, contusion, and cuts Back sprain and strain Other sprain and strain AU other types of injuries... 

The omitted injury type is Other sprain and strain. ... 

The Division of Vital Statistics reports that accidents are the leading causes of death for persons in their teens and up to age 45. In industry, there is no intent to kill or injure workers yet accidents kill and maim people. Many of the injuries reported as sprains and strains often involved the back. The incidence of fatalities and injuries (along with potential monetary losses) may increase as operations become more complex. The cost of accidents in the workplaces of the United States is approximately 150 billion annually. Some examples of costly accidents are ... 

Sprain and strain was, by far, the leading nature, or physical effect, of injury and illness in every major industry division, ranging from over 33 percent in agriculture, forestry, and fishing to over 50 percent in services and in transportation and public utilities [p. 3],... 

Light support Used to prevent the formation of oedema and support mild sprains and strains... 

Examples Cut, puncture, laceration, abrasion, fracture, bruise, amputation, insect bite, electrocution, or a thermal, chemical, electrical, or radiation bum. Sprain and strain injuries to muscles, joints, and connective tissues are classified as injuries when they result from a slip, trip, fall or other similar accidents. 

The degree of mismeasurement should also differ by the type of nonfatal injury. Reporting effects should be greatest for injuries where the existence or the extent of impairment is difficult to verify medically, such as sprains and strains, and least for easily diagnosed injuries, such as lacerations and fractures. Consistent with a variable reporting effect, Robertson and Keeve (1983) found higher WC benefits increased the number sprains and strains more dramatically than the number of lacerations and fractures. 

Power line workers who construct/repair power transmission and distribution systems face a wide range of serious and potentially fatal injuries, including arc flashes, electrocutions, falls from elevations, and injuries from falling objects. Major causes of non-fatal injuries include overexertion, thermal burns, sprains and strains, cuts and lacerations, and contusions. 

One major hazard in materials handling is failure of the lifting equipment. Excessive load causes many failures for some lifting conditions. For example, for humans, there are sprains and strains of backs, arms, and legs. A crane boom may buckle. A chain or wire rope that is part of the lifting device may break. Rigging that restrains load may fail. A conveyor support may collapse. 

Like it or not, we all need to exercise. Athletes need to warm up before the start of a workout or competition, and so do utility workers. This includes field and office workers Utility work can be a physically demanding job. It frequently requires some workers to spend considerable time in awkward postures. Through stretching you can prepare your muscles to handle the load and possibly prevent the more frequent forms of work injury sprains and strains. 

FIGURE 16.1 Drivers face sprains and strains from loading and nnloading. 

Musculoskeletal damage can particularly affect the lower back, neck and shoulders. Occupational overuse syndrome, OOS (repetition strain injury), is generally a result of fine repetitive work involving the hand and wrists. It can involve inflammation of the tendons of the wrists and hands (tenosynovitis), or squeezing (due to inflammation) of the tendons and nerves entering the hand (carpal tunnel syndrome). Other types of OOS exist and can also involve the nervons system. Slips, trips and falls are other obvious sources of sprains and strains of mnscles and joints. 

After the rig is set up, workers are exposed to new hazards as the actual drilling begins. Some of these hazards include exposure to hazardous chemicals adverse weather conditions blowout, fire, and explosion rotating equipment caught between or pinched by excessive noise sprains and strains and fatigue. 

Workplace Activities Surface miners may also be exposed to hazardous combinations of conditions and situations in the workplace (e.g., working around equipment, and especially near high-walls, and performing maintenance tasks in confined spaces). Repetitive motion tasks and materials handling also place stress on important parts of the miner s body, which can lead to chronic motion-related diseases and sprains and strains. Methods for mitigating the impact on miners will be discussed later. 

Haulage equipment can be nonpowered or powered, stationary or moving. Nonpowered haulage refers to smaller pieces of equipment, such as wheelbarrows and pushed mine cars. Accidents and injuries resulting from the use of nonpowered haulage generally involve overexertion and resultant sprains and strains. 

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