Spleen indirect

No studies were located in humans regarding the distribution of 1,2-dibromoethane after oral exposure. In humans intentionally ingesting 1,2-dibromoethane, kidney lesions and centrilobular necrosis of the liver were found (Olmstead 1960 Saraswat et al. 1986). This is indirect evidence of distribution of 1,2-dibromoethane. The tissue distribution of 1,2-dibromoethane has been studied in rats following exposure by the oral route. Although retention was limited, the kidneys, liver, and spleen appear to retain the highest amounts of the administered dose (Plotnick et al. 1979) as illustrated in Table 2-4. Rats received an oral dose of 15 mg/kg/day of labeled 1,2-dibromoethane in corn oil. Twenty-four hours later 3% of radioactivity was detected in fat, brain, kidney, liver, spleen, testes, blood, and plasma, 72.38% in the urine, and 1.65% in the feces (Plotnick et al. 1979). By 48 hours after administration, 73% of the radiolabeled dose was accounted for in the urine, 1.1% in the liver, and 2.4% in the feces. Total recovery was 77.8% of the administered radioactivity. 

Bai Zhu serves as deputy. It is pungent, bitter and warm, and is used at twice the dosage of Huang Qi. It can particularly tonify the Spleen-Qi and dry dampness, thereby indirectly strengthening the Lung-Qi and Defensive-Qi. 

Bu Gu Zhi is used as chief. It is very warm, bitter and pungent, and enters the Kidney meridian, especially the vital gate. It can strengthen and warm the Yang and indirectly warm the Spleen. 

Stimulation of the human immune system through the lymphoid tissue of the intestines can occur directly or indirectly. Such stimulation may involve the effect produced on the primary (bone marrow, thymus, and liver) and secondary organs (spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, lymphoid tissue of bronchi, intestines, and skin) and... 

When red cells get old and are destroyed, mainly in the spleen, the heme ring is broken and the Fe is released, forming biliverdin, an open-chain molecule with no iron (C-14). Biliverdin changes to unconjugated ( indirect ) bilirubin by reduction of its central carbon. The resultant unconjugated bilirubin molecule is carried to the liver ty albumin (as unconjugated bilirubin is not water-soluble). Then ... 

The assay can be conveniently done in glass or plastic petri plates (60 mm) containing about 4 ml of 0.8% agarose in complement buffer. Guinea pig complement is readily available commercially and generally does not require absorption. Lymphoid cells are prepared by teasing spleens or lymph nodes in cold tissue culture medium buffered with Hepes. If the indirect plaque assay is to be done, an antiserum specific for IgG of the antibody-secreting cells is also required. 

Indirect splenoportography via the femoral artery is not only very important, but also low-risk. (s. p. 182) Using radiography, the arterial branches of the abdominal aorta initially become visible, followed by the spleen, the splenic vein and the portal vein together with its afferent veins and collaterals. This procedure provides information on (7.) localization of vascular resistance-related hypertension, (2.) cause of portal hypertension (in individual cases), (3.) patency and diameter of the respective vessel, 4.) extent of collateral circulation, (5.) hepatopetal or hepatofugal direction of flow in the portal vein, and 6.) shunt capacity of the splenic vein or superior mesenteric vein. (s. p. 182)... 

Hemolytic anemia results in decreased survival time of RBCs secondary to destruction in the spleen or circulation. Hemolytic anemias are normocytic and normochromic, with increased levels of reticulocytes, lactate dehydrogenase, and indirect bilirubin. Treatment is directed towards correcting or controlling the underlying pathology. 

Distribution of the cinchona alkaloids in tissues other than blood seems to vary both with the tissue and with the animal species. Relatively speaking, there is little concentration of the alkaloids in the muscle or nervous tissues of any species, levels in these tissues often being less than those in plasma. In animals such as the chicken and dog (71-73) the levels of the alkaloids in liver, spleen, kidney, intestinal mucosa, and lung were often 10 to 40 times the concentrations in plasma. However, in the monkey (70) concentrations of quinine in these tissues were rarely more than 5 times the level of the drug in plasma. These direct observations in the monkey are in accord with indirect findings in man (20). 

Salmonella paratyphi is a bacterial enteric (intestinal) infection with an abrupt outbreak, which produces the following symptoms continued fever, headache, malaise, enlarged spleen, rose spots on the trunk of the body, and diarrhea. These symptoms are similar to those of typhoid fever, but the death rate is much lower. Mild and asymptomatic infections may also occur upon exposure. Outbreaks and locations are similar to those of the other salmonella bacteria. The infectious dose is 1000 organisms by ingestion. Transmission occurs by direct or indirect contact with feces or, in rare cases, urine of patients or carriers. It is spread by food, especially miUc and dairy products, shellfish, and in some isolated cases, water supplies. Incubation depends on the strength of the dose, but usually 1-3 weeks for enteric fever and 1-10 days for gastroenteritis. Antibiotic treatment with chloramphenicol, ampicillin, or TMP-SMX is usually effective. 

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