Spirits composite

In the days of alchemy and the phlogiston theory, no system of nomenclature that would be considered logical ia the 1990s was possible. Names were not based on composition, but on historical association, eg, Glauber s salt for sodium sulfate decahydrate and Epsom salt for magnesium sulfate physical characteristics, eg, spirit of wiae for ethanol, oil of vitriol for sulfuric acid, butter of antimony for antimony trichloride, Hver of sulfur for potassium sulfide, and cream of tartar for potassium hydrogen tartrate or physiological behavior, eg, caustic soda for sodium hydroxide. Some of these common or trivial names persist, especially ia the nonchemical Hterature. Such names were a necessity at the time they were iatroduced because the concept of molecular stmcture had not been developed, and even elemental composition was incomplete or iadeterminate for many substances. 

The differences in composition between water-borne and solvent-bome air-drying paints necessitate change in driers and drier combinations. Since traditional driers are dissolved in mineral spirits, xylene, or other aUphatic/aromatic solvents, they are not readily dispersed in an aqueous system. If traditional driers are used, they must be dissolved in the vehicle before neutralization, which may result in a severe viscosity increase and processing problems. 

Dissolve naphthalene in a little spirit, and add an equal quantity of a solution of picric acid in spirit. On cooling, yellow needles of naphthalene picrate separate, C,oHg.CQH20H(NO,)3. Benzene forms colourless crystals, anthracene, scarlet needles, having a similar composition. Sec Appendix, p. 295. 

Physikbad, n. (Dyeing) tin composition. Physiker, m. ph3 icist. physiko-chemisch, a. physicochemical. Physiksalz, n. (Dyeing) red spirit. 

Fig. 8.32 The first Mossbauer Spectrum ever taken outside Earth, at Gusev Crater, Mars. It shows the basaltic composition of the plains at the landing site of the Rover Spirit...

Fig. 8.33 Left, robotic arm with MIMOS II positioned on the rock Adirondack, as seen by the navigation camera of the rover Right. Mossbauer Spectrum (14.4 keV temperature range 220-280 K) of the rock Adirondack at Spirit landing side Gusev Crater, plains. The data were taken at the as-is dusty surface (not yet brushed). The spectrum shows an olivine-basalt composition, typical for soil and rocks in Gusev plains, consisting of the minerals olivine, pyroxene, an Fe doublet, and nonstoichiometric magnetite...

In a similar spirit, Inoue et al. [120] and Hashimoto et al. [121] generalized MPC dynamics so that the collision operator reflects the species compositions in the neighborhood of a chosen cell. More specifically, consider a binary mixture of particles with different colors. The color of particle i is denoted by c,-. The color flux of particles with color c in cell E, is defined as... 

The Stealth Bomber, more accurately known as the Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit Stealth Bomber, is cited as the largest composite structure produced with over 30%i of the weight being carbon-graphite-epoxy composites. The Stealth Bomber was originally slated to hunt Russian mobile missiles that were built in the 1980s. It was deployed in 1993 and has a... 

But if men quit the body, the process is reversed. The soul ascends to its own place, and it is separated from the vital spirit and the body is separated from the soul.. . . The living creatures do not die, my son, but they are composite bodies, and as such they undergo dissolution. Dissolution is not death it is only the separation of things which were combined and they undergo dissolution, not to perish, but to be made new. ... 

Reilly (Ref 1) describes a gray mixt made by mixing 7 parts of meal powder with 100 parts of sulfur, and is mostly used for the manuf of fire balls (used in war). These consist of twill bags, charged with compressed gray mixture, which is filled into them with the aid of spirit they are fired by means of a composition fuse. Gray mixture mixed with antimony sulfide is used for torches. 

Paris, becoming the outstanding chemist of the Paris Academy at the end of the seventeenth century. His work was focused on the behavior and composition of neutral salts, an investigation derived from the recently popular medical theory of acid/alkali. Earlier experience in the century had established the pattern of neutralization of an acid by an alkali, a pattern of mutual destruction of properties. The available acids were the vitriolic or spirit of sulphur, spirit of nitre, spirit of sea salt, and acid of vinegar. The only alkali was salt of tartar (potassium carbonate). Lime was known but possessed a separate identity, not clearly classed as either alkali or earth. 

Aroma compounds in distilled spirits and liqueurs, their levels, odour attributes, and thresholds are most important for quality and authenticity. Using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, especially the composition of volatile aroma compounds in distilled spirits has been widely investigated [4-8]. By direct injection of an alcoholic distillate it is possible to determine more than 50 components within levels between 0.1 and 1,000 mg L b special methods of extraction can be used to increase this number up to more than 1,000 volatile substances [6]. However, sensory analysis is still indispensable to describe and evaluate spirit drinks. 

The following review focuses on the composition of flavour compounds in spirit drinks, their origin, and their sensory attributes like odour quality and threshold value. Important information on flavour-related aspects of technology, like distillation and ageing, as well as the main categories and brands of spirits to be found on the national and international markets are summarised. Finally, aspects of sustainability in the production of distilled spirits are discussed. 

Distilled spirits are produced from different fermented plant materials grown all over the world. The most important criteria of quality and authenticity of each type of distilled spirits are the typical flavour composition originating from the raw material and/or the special techniques of fermentation, distillation, and ageing. In the following sections, specific flavour compounds and flavour-related technologies as well as peculiarities of the most important categories of distilled spirits are summarised. 

Spirit drinks with their manifold and unique composition of ethanol and flavour compounds are not only used for direct human consumption but also as flavourings in many other food products, like bakery products and sweets their consumption and the regeneration of their raw materials are well balanced because all raw materials are regenerative plant materials. 

Although the rocks in Meridiani Planum analyzed by the Opportunity rover are fascinating (see below), they are unusual. Therefore, we will focus on the rocks and soils in Gusev crater analyzed by the Spirit rover, which are spectrally similar to the bulk of the Martian crust. We will compare these compositions with those of Martian meteorites and Bounce Rock in Meridiani, which is similar to shergottites. We will also consider orbital geochemical data obtained by GRS. 

Alkalis versus silica diagram used for geochemical classification of volcanic rocks. Martian meteorites, Gusev crater rocks and soils analyzed by the Spirit rover, and Bounce Rock analyzed by the Opportunity rover generally plot in the field of basalts, as does the average Mars Odyssey GRS analysis. Compositions derived from TES spectra (Surface Types 1 and 2) and the Mars Pathfinder dust-free rock plot in the basaltic andesite and andesite fields. After McSween et at. (2009). 

This chapter introduces the principles, methods and strategies for the composition of formulas that can sedate the Heart-shen (which is often translated as spirit or psyche) and calm the mind. They are used to treat anxiety, restlessness and insomnia due to disturbance of the Heart-shen. 

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