Spermine distribution

The already mentioned proteins OCTI and OCT3 transport small cationic substances, such as tetraalkyl ammonium compounds, polyamines such as spermine, monoamino-neurotransmitters, or N-methyl-nicotinamide across the basolateral plasma membrane [56]. OCTs play a key role in the distribution of cationic drugs and, therefore, drug interactions at the transporter level may become clinically relevant, as compounds with high affinity, such as prazosin or phenox-ybenzamine, may affect the excretion of other substrates. Certain liver diseases or obstructive cholestasis may result in alterations of hepatic clearance via these transporters. In rats, a 7-day bile duct ligation resulted in a marked downregulation of Octi and an increased hepatic accumulation of the Octi substrate tetraethylammonium [57]. 

Incorporations, similar to that for putrescine, were observed for spermine (46) and spermidine (47) (also measured against arginine C-labels on asterisked carbons), and there was a similar distribution of the label. These amines can, like putrescine, then be converted into pyrrolizidine alkaloids via the hypothetical (44) both polyamines are known to be degraded to pyrrolines, resembling (44), plus 1,3-diaminopropane on oxidation with plant polyamine oxidases. 

The number of alkaloids that contain spermine as a partial structure (spermine alkaloids) is less than the number of alkaloids that contain spermidine in their structure (spermidine alkaloHds). Even so, these alkaloids are distributed in eleven plant famihes (i.e., Acanthaceae, Amaranthaceae, Bromeliaceae,... 

Several polyamines are widely distributed in plants. In plants and in Escherichia coli, spermine (15) and spermidine (16) are synthesized by aminopropyltransferases that use de-... 

Spermine and its analogs are toxic and are used as tumor biomarkers. They are also widely distributed in nature and industry. Therefore, the de-teetion of spermine is necessary. WPS can form stable complexation with spermine with a high association constant. When different diamine compounds (10 M), such as spermine, ursol, tetraethylenepentamine, triethylenetetramine, ethanediamine, 1,12-dodecylamine and 1,6-hexa-methylenediamine, are added to an aqueous solution of WP5-stabilized silver nanopartieles, respeetively, the yellow color of the solution containing spermine and its analogs (spermine, tetraethylenepentamine, and triethylenetetramine) becomes black, accompanied by a great decrease of the absorbance peak at 400 nm. However, other diamine compounds have little influence on the color and absorption peaks. All the experimental facts can be ascribed to the seleetive response of WP5-stabilized silver nanopartieles... 

Polyamines, such as spermine, spermidine, putrescine, cadaverine, are natural substances widely distributed in vegetable, animal and bacterial cells. They enter in the composition of bacterial viruses. They have a wide range of effects, but they are difficult to localize within the cell and their physiological significance is not understood very well. In animal cells and sera there exists a diamineoxidase which converts spermine into highly cytotoxic compounds, and many effects seen in tissue cultures are attributed to these substances. 

Gambacorta, Polyamine distribution in eukaryotes occurrence of sym-nor-spermidine and sym-nor-spermine in arthropods,... 

Spermine is widely distributed in animal tissues, and is manufactured or stored in the prostate gland. Representative values, in mgm. per 100 gm. fresh tissue, are human prostate, 130 human pitncreas, 16 ox pancreas, 25-30 human liver, 10 testicle, spleen, kidney, 1-7. 

Polyamine distribution Putrescine (mM) Spermidine (mM) Spermidine (mM) Spermine (mM)... 

Apart from aminoacids, peptides and proteins, many other metalbinding substances play essential roles in all living cells. Firstly, there are the pteridines (including folic acid) and purines, whose stability constants have been determined (Albert, 1953 Albert and Serjeant, 1960).Riboflavine is most avid in the partly reduced state (Hemmerich, Veeger and Wood, 1965). Spermine (//. ), and the simpler diamines such as spermidine and cadaverine, are widely distributed metal-binders. 

Crystals of spermine phosphate were first seen by van Leeuwenhoek (1678) in human semen. Since then several other di- and polyamines have been discovered in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It now seems probable that putrescine and spermidine are biologically ubiquitous. In general, prokaryotes have a higher concentration of putrescine than spermidine, and lack spermine. Eukaryotes, on the other hand, usually have little putrescine, but high concentrations of spermidine and spermine. Cadaverine, which normally arises from decarboxylation of lysine, has a limited occurrence and its distribution has not... 

---