Spelt wheat

Ranhotra, G.S., Gelroth, J.A., Glaser, B.K. and Lorenz, K.J. (1996a) Nutrient composition of spelt wheat. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 9,81-84. 

There is very little information on cultivar differences with respect to (i) resistance to infection by P. verrucosum and (ii) OTA formation (Hokby et al., 1979 Axberg el al., 1997). The latter performed a laboratory experiment with six artificially inoculated cultivars of barley and three of wheat. After incubation for 23 weeks at approximately 19% moisture, the barley cultivars contained between 6 and 350 and the wheat cultivars between 25 and 890 ng OTA g 1 grain. In another study, Elmholt and Rasmussen (2005) reported that two of four cultivars of spring spelt from the same field contained 18 and 92 ng OTA g 1, respectively, while the other two contained less than 0.5 ng OTA g As differences in OTA neither correlated with moisture content at harvest nor with the level of P. verrucosum, they were probably caused by differences in cultivar sensitivity. This should, however, be further studied. 

The biochemistry and taxonomy of cereals is relevant to their potential differential toxicity. The proteins in the cereal grains known as "gluten activate celiac disease. Gluten is a complex mixture of hundreds of related but distinct proteins. The grains considered capable of producing adverse effects in individuals with celiac disease include different species of wheat (e.g., durum, spelt, kamut), barley, rye, and their cross-bred hybrids (e.g., triticale, which is a cross between wheat and rye) (Ciclitira et ah, 2005 Cornell et ah, 2002 Dewar et ah, 2006 Howdle, 2006 Koning, 2008 Lester, 2008 Moron et ah, 2008 Thompson, 2000, 2001 Troncone et al., 2008a Vader et ah, 2003 Wieser and Koehler, 2008). 

Spelt is a subspecies of wheat grown widely in Central Europe. Expansion of this crop is likely in Europe because of the current shortage of high-protein organic feedstuffs. It has been introduced to other countries partly for the human market because of its reputation as being low in gliadin, the gluten fraction implicated in coeliac disease. 

Arrowhead Mills I love their whole wheat pastry flour, which is finely ground with more nutrients than classic all-purpose flour. It has a lower gluten content than standard whole wheat flour, which means it provides a finer texture and a lighter consistency for cakes and cookies. This company also sells all kinds of alternative flours, such as spelt, barley, and oat, which I use for baking experiments, www. ar rowheadmills. com... 

Cereals containing gluten (i.e., wheat, rye, barley, oats, spelt, kamut or their hybridized strains) and products thereof, except cereals used for making distillates or ethyl alcohol, wheat-based maltodextrins, and dextrose and glucose syrups... 

The most common wheat species used in food production is ordinary wheat, also called bread wheat (Triticum aestivum). It is an allohexaploid (AABBDD), in which the genomes were obtained by spontaneous hybridization of T. turgidum (AABB) and Aegilops tauschii (DD) about 10,000 years ago (Vasil, 2007). Other grown wheat species are tetraploidal durum wheat T. durum, used in pasta production and small amounts of hexaploidal spelt T. spelta and tetraploidal T. polonicum (Curtis et al. 2002). 

Waga, J., Kjjczkowski, J., Zientarski, J. 2003. Influence of thioredoxin-A on flour baking properties and gliadin immunoreactivity in spelt and common wheat genotypes. Pol J Food NutrSci 12 13-16. 

XOS are manufactured by enzymatic hydrolysis of xylan from corn cobs, oat spelt xylan or wheat arabinoxylan [257]. Xylan, a principle t)q)e of hemicellulose exists as a linear polymer of -D-xylopyranosyl units linked by 1 4 glycosidic bonds. Depending on the origin, different substituents such as arabinfuranosyl, 4-0-methylglucuronosyl and acetyl groups are present. Typical raw materials for XOS production include hardwoods, com cobs, straws. 

Cereals containing gluten (namely wheat, rye, barley, oats, spelt, their hybridized strains and their products),... 

C purpurea rye, barley, durum wheat, spelt, pasture grasses and others 5—40 mm long and 2—6 mm broad -> Peptide alkaloids Ergometrines yes... 

Tritosulfuron is selective in the following cereal crops wheat, rye, barley, triti-cale, oat, durum wheat and spelt. The application window of tritosulfuron in all winter and summer cereals ranges from vegetation start up to ES 39. Sold in maize as Tooler , it can be applied from ES 12 to ES 18. 

The presence of feruloyl esterase activity was first detected in culture filtrates of Streptomyces olivochromogenes grown on oats spelt xylan and wheat bran (iJ) and have subsequently been found in a number of bacterial and fungal... 

---