Spelt

A. W. Neumann and J. K. Spelt, eds.. Applied Surface Thermodynamics. Interfacial Tension and Contact Angles, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1996. 

Spelzmehl, n. spelt flour, spenden, t.t. spend, distribute. 

By the treatment of oat spelt xylan with phenyl or tolyl isocyanate in pyridine the fully fimctionahzed corresponding carbamates were prepared [416]. Xylan 3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate showed higher recognition abihty for chiral drugs compared to that of the same cellulose derivative [417]. 

Thermoplastic xylan derivatives have been prepared by in-hne modification with propylene oxide of the xylan present in the alkaline extract of barley husks [424,425]. Following peracetylation of the hydroxypropylated xylan in formamide solution yielded the water-insoluble acetoxypropyl xylan. The thermal properties of the derivative quahfy this material as a potential biodegradable and thermoplastic additive to melt-processed plastics. Xylan from oat spelts was oxidized to 2,3-dicarboxyhc derivatives in a two-step procedure using HI04/NaC102 as oxidants [426]. 

Early cephalosporins were spelt with ph, more recently with T. t Methicillin-resistant Staph, aureus (MRSA) strains are resistant to cephalosporins. t Enterococci are resistant to cephalosporins. 

Applied Surface Thermodynamics, edited by A. 14/. Neumann and Jan K. Spelt Surfactants in Solution, edited by Arun K. Chattopadhyay and K. L. Mittal Detergents in the Environment, edited by Milan Johann Schwuger Industrial Applications of Microemulsions, edited by Conxita Solans and Hironobu Kunieda... 

Reprint of Alchemy and other chemical achievements of the Anicent Orient with the author s name spelt as Chkashige ... 

A W Neumann and J K Spelt, Applied surface thermodynamics (New York Marcel Dekker, 1996). 

There is very little information on cultivar differences with respect to (i) resistance to infection by P. verrucosum and (ii) OTA formation (Hokby et al., 1979 Axberg el al., 1997). The latter performed a laboratory experiment with six artificially inoculated cultivars of barley and three of wheat. After incubation for 23 weeks at approximately 19% moisture, the barley cultivars contained between 6 and 350 and the wheat cultivars between 25 and 890 ng OTA g 1 grain. In another study, Elmholt and Rasmussen (2005) reported that two of four cultivars of spring spelt from the same field contained 18 and 92 ng OTA g 1, respectively, while the other two contained less than 0.5 ng OTA g As differences in OTA neither correlated with moisture content at harvest nor with the level of P. verrucosum, they were probably caused by differences in cultivar sensitivity. This should, however, be further studied. 

This traditional Middle Eastern product has the unique distinction of being called bread yet is specifically excluded from the bread and flour regulations. The only consequences of this are that pitta (also spelt pita) bread does not have to be fortified and any food additive that is permitted in food generally but is not permitted in bread would be permitted in pitta bread. In practice, pitta bread makers tend to be rather conservative. 

The later sections of the book deal with the actual laboratory use of catalysts for asymmetric reduction and oxidation reactions. Most of the protocols describe non-natural catalysts principally because many of the corresponding biological procedures were featured in the sister volume Preparative Biotransformations. As in this earlier book, we have spelt out the procedures in great detail, giving where necessary, helpful tips and, where appropriate, clear warnings of toxicity, fire hazards, etc. 

The Gibbs-Duhem equation is also commonly (mis-)spelt Gibbs-Duheme... 

Le Chatelier s principle is named after Henri Louis le Chatelier (1850-1937). He also spelt his first name the English way, as Henry. ... 

Standard subscripts (other than those where a word or phrase is spelt in full)... 

En me Treatment of LCCs. Purified Bacillus circulans xylanase (specific activity, 110 units/mg protein), purified Coriolus versicolor )9-mannanase (specific activity 179 units/mg protein), purified Thermoascus aurianticum /8-glucosidase (specific activity, 150 units/mg protein), and purified Schizophyllum commune acetyl xylan esterase (AXE specific activity, 180 units/mg protein) were used. Unit activity for xylanase and )9-mannanase was defined as the amount of enzyme catalyzing the release of 1 /xmol reducing power per minute at 50°C and pH 6.0 using oat spelts... 

Koch-Light 1887-00 oat-spelt xylan (Lot 90560) was split into soluble and insoluble fractions by dissolving it in 0.05A/, pH 6.05 sodium citrate buffer and centrifuging out Ae unAssolved material. The msoluble portion was suspended in Ae buffer in roughly 1% concentration and was assayed wiA an equal volume of Xylanase II in... 

Finally, abrief nofe on spelling and terminology the word fluidization may also be spelt fluidisation. The former has been used through-ouf fhis book excepf in the references to published works where the original published spelling has been retained. The term fluid bed is also in common usage and in most cases is taken to mean the same as fluidized bed. Again, 1 have used this where it appears in the titles of books and papers but not otherwise. 

Figure 1. Induction of xylanases in Trichoderma harzianum. The ratios of xylanase to endocellulase activities were determined in the culture filtrates of T. harzianum grown on steam treated aspenwood. Aspen chips were steam treated from 20 to 240 s at 240° C to produce a series of samples with a variable content of xylan and cellulose. The specific content of these carbohydrates were expressed as the ratio of xylan to glucan. Enzyme activities were determined on culture filtrates of 300 mL batch cultures of T. harzianum grown on these wood samples at a loading of 1% (w/v) as described by Saddler and Mes-Hartree (66). Enzyme activities were also determined in culture filtrates of T. harzianum grown on Avicel, Solka Floe and oat spelts xylan.

The biochemistry and taxonomy of cereals is relevant to their potential differential toxicity. The proteins in the cereal grains known as "gluten activate celiac disease. Gluten is a complex mixture of hundreds of related but distinct proteins. The grains considered capable of producing adverse effects in individuals with celiac disease include different species of wheat (e.g., durum, spelt, kamut), barley, rye, and their cross-bred hybrids (e.g., triticale, which is a cross between wheat and rye) (Ciclitira et ah, 2005 Cornell et ah, 2002 Dewar et ah, 2006 Howdle, 2006 Koning, 2008 Lester, 2008 Moron et ah, 2008 Thompson, 2000, 2001 Troncone et al., 2008a Vader et ah, 2003 Wieser and Koehler, 2008). 

This guideline spelt out the circumstances where it is possible to change the objective of a trial from non-inferiority to superiority if the evidence is sufficiently strong, but clearly stated that switching in the opposite direction would unlikely be possible (see Section 12.9). 

Spelt, C. et al., Anthocyaninl of petunia encodes a basic helix-loop-helix protein that directly activates transcription of structural anthocyanin genes. Plant Cell, 12, 1619, 2000. 

Spelt, C. et al., ANTHOCYANINl of petunia controls pigment synthesis, vacuolar pH, and seed coat development by genetically distinct mechanisms. Plant Cell, 14, 2121, 2002. 

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