Synthesis pigment

Takeuchi, K. et al., A genome-wide survey of genes for enzymes involved in pigment synthesis in an ascidian, Ciona intestinalis, Zool Scl, 22, 723, 2005. 

Reliable measuring techniques [9] and appropriate process control are the basic elements of successful azo pigment synthesis by the continuous process. These are the parameters which are responsible for maintaining constant reaction conditions flow rate, pH, temperature, and the concentrations of the reactants, before and after the point of mixing itself. 

The flow chart in Fig. 90 outlines the typical sequence of azo pigment synthesis, including essential equipment ... 

Depending on the technical requirements such as corrosion resistance, pressure and temperature stability, industrial scale azo pigment synthesis is carried out in appropriate equipment. Suitable materials include cast iron, stainless steel, steel lined with rubber, acid-proof brick, enamel, synthetic resins supported by glass fiber, and wood. 

Pigment synthesis follows the typical route to azo pigment lakes the aniline derivative or the aniline sulfonic acid is diazotized with sodium nitrite in an acidic medium (hydrochloric acid), followed by coupling on the Naphthol AS derivative, which is initially dissolved in an alkaline solution and then precipitated by adding inorganic or acetic acid. If a Naphthol AS sulfonic acid is used as a coupling component, it must be neutralized with alkali for dissolution and coupled directly. 

Spelt, C. et al., ANTHOCYANINl of petunia controls pigment synthesis, vacuolar pH, and seed coat development by genetically distinct mechanisms. Plant Cell, 14, 2121, 2002. 

Brown, J. and Tevini, M., Regulation of UV-protective pigment synthesis in the epidermal layer of rye seedlings (Secale cereale L. Cv. Kustro), Photochem. Photobiol, 51, 318, 1993. 

Clariant carried out diazo-coupling for pigment synthesis. Laboratory developments were transferred to pilot scale, reported in the literature, and a further transfer to production scale was announced at conferences [65]. 

Pigment synthesis inhibition Flower initiation Flower inhibition Flower sex shifts Fruit growth stimulation Fruit degreening Fruit ripening Respiratory changes Storage product hydrolysis Latex secretion promotion... 

Tomato volatiles are important to both aroma and flavor and their concentration increases with ripening (1061. Because many of the volatile aroma compounds of tomatoes apparently result from enzymatic breakdown of carotene pigments (1071. CA, which delays pigment synthesis, can be expected to delay volatile production. 

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