Specifications adherence

Quality Control. Because fine chemicals are sold according to specifications, adherence to constant and strict specifications, at risk because of the batchwise production and the use of the same equipment for different products ia multipurpose plants, is a necessity for fine chemical companies. For the majority of the fine chemicals, the degree of attention devoted to quahty control (qv) is not at the discretion of the iadividual company. This is particularly the case for fine chemicals used as active iagredients ia dmgs and foodstuffs (see Fine chemicals, standards). Standards for dmgs are pubHshed ia the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) ia the United States (6) and the European Pharmacopeia ia Europe (7). 

Specific adherence to mandatory regulations or recommended operating standards for the safe and effective operation of cooling systems, especially those pertaining to the control of legionellosis... 

Netland, P. A. and Zetter, B. R. (1985). Metastatic potential of B16 melanoma cells after in vitro selection for organ-specific adherence. J. Cell Biol. 101, 720-724. 

Fig. 15.2. Single-molecule force spectroscopy. The natural TK protein construct is non-specifically adhered to a gold surface and contacted with the tip of an AFM cantilever. During retraction, force-extension traces are recorded. After each rupture, the total free contour length increases so that the force drops. If further stretched, a characteristic rise in force is observed, which is due to the polymer elasticity of the unfolded polypeptide chain. In the beginning, TK unfolds below 50 pN. After complete unfolding of TK, the five structural Ig/Fn domains unfold with regular contour length increments AL of about 30nm (Li-Le)...

Adherence to host tissue is achieved by a combination of specific and non-specific mechanisms. Specific adherence mechanisms include ligand-receptor interactions, while non-specific mechanisms include electrostatic forces, aggregation and cell surface hydrophobicity. Non-specific interactions are the primary interaction (occurring over longer distances) involved in the adherence process and are reversible. However, non-specific adherence is consequently deemed irreversible as a result of specific mechanisms that involve the ability of the yeast to recognize a variety of host cell receptors/ ligands using cell surface molecules. 

Lung tissue, or other tissue with a thin, open architecture, may be cut on charged or silanized slides to prevent the tissue from non-specifically adhering to the polymer during microdissection. In general, coated slides are not used for microdissection because of the increased adhesive forces between the tissue and the slide. Effective microdissection is a balance between three adhesive forces ... 

A critical aspect to this technique is that proteins from a serum sample are bound to a ProteinChip (Ciphergen Biosystems Inc., Fremont, CA, USA) based upon common physicochemical properties such as charge and hydro-phobicity or, more specifically, adhered to the surface via a specific antibody or ligand, while the rest of the sample is washed away. Next, the adhered proteins are ionized and analyzed similar to MAFDI-TOF. Since a low-end mass spectrometer lacking MS/MS capabilities is used in SEFDI-TOF, the proteins or peptides in the sample are not individually identified instead, profiles specific to serum samples are compiled using highly sophisticated bioinformatics. 

Secondly, accelerated tests can be used to qualify adhesives for specific applications, and the data obtained can sometimes be extrapolated to long-term, real-time performance. Accelerated tests are also valuable as screen tests and as acceptance tests and are specified in material-procurement documents or in hardware-acceptance specifications. Adherence to material and process specifications and their quality-control provisions is an essential element in assuring reliability. Life prediction through modeling is yet another approach, but is outside the scope of this chapter. 

Inman, L.R. Cantey, J.R. Specific adherence of Escherichia coli strain RDEC-1 to membranous M cells of the Peyer s patch in Escherichia coli diarrhea in the rabbit. J. Clin. Invest. 1983, 71 (1), 1-8. 

An interesting approach to achieve an increased uptake after oral administration of colloidal drug carriers is to use site-specific adherence through surface modification of the colloidal systems with various entities, e.g. lectins, to a selected site in the gastrointestinal tract (124). By using this approach. Lehr et al. were able to achieve an enhanced adherence of polystyrene particles to enterocytes in vitro (125). Similarly, Rubas et al. were able to enhance the uptake of liposomes into Peyer s patches in vitro through incorporation... 

When cells are cultured on an agarose substrate, it is thought that the cells do not directly and specifically adhere to the agarose, but it is possible that the properties of agarose do influence the cells. 

Recent advances in nanoparticle science have substantially improved the capabilities and utility of ultrasonic molecular imaging. It is, however, necessary that nanoparticles specifically adhere to their molecular target and bind in quantities that are sufficiently... 

McCoy JJ, Mann BJ, Vedvick TS, Pak Y, Heimark DB, Petri WA Jr (1993) Structural analysis of the light subunit of the Entamoeba histolytica galactose-specific adherence lectin. J Biol Chem 268 24223-31. 

Adlerberth, I., Ahrne, S., Johansson, M.L., et al. (1996) A mannose-specific adherence mechanism in Lactobacillus plantarum conferring binding to the human colonic cell line HT-29. Appl Environ Microbiol 62,2244-2251. 

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