Specific organ systems

Finally, the endocrine system is not fully developed until after puberty has occurred. It is possible that an ingredient new to infant formulas could affect endocrine development or expression of endocrine function. An example of such a possibility is the phytoestrogen content of an infant formula having an effect on the development or expression of estrogen-responsive tissues. Therefore clinical studies should include additional assessments to ensure that infants  

RECOMMENDATION Assessment of clinical endpoints should include signs or adverse laboratory indicators of the major organ systems, including the gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, blood, and immunological and endocrinological systems. 

The gastrointestinal tract consists of the hollow organs (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small bowel, and colon) and the solid organs (liver and pancreas). The functions of the hollow organs are as follows  

With the exception of pancreatic exocrine function and bile acid synthesis and composition, development of the gastrointestinal tract is essentially complete at birth for infants born after a 34-week gestation (Antonowicz and Lebenthal, 1977 Auricchio et al., 1965 Fredrikzon et al., 1978 Hadorn et al., 1968 Hamilton, 2000 Lindberg, 1966 Montgomery et al., 1999 Norman et al., 1972 Watkins, 1985 Watkins et al., 1973). 

Motility can be assessed by measurement of esophageal, antroduodenal, small bowel, and rectal contractions (Scott, 2000) gastric emptying time (Di Lorenzo et al., 1987) and 

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A number of molecular mechanics force fields have been parameterized for specific organic systems, such as proteins or hydrocarbons. There are also a... 

This chapter discusses specific organ systems that contact a variety of substances in the workplace environment (or due to drug abuse and addiction), leading to health hazards. Important organs discussed here include the skin, the respiratory system, the cardiovascular system, the renal system, and the central nervous system (CNS). In the United States and other countries of the world, the application of phenol is on the increase in the manufacture of aromatic compounds, explosives, fertilizers, paints, rubber products, wood preservatives, synthetic resins, drugs and pharmaceutical products, plastics, leather tanning and... 

Examples of commonly used clinical tools or tests that may be appropriate for children s health issues are summarized in Table 8. This table underscores the utility in evaluating children s overall health status rather than restricted focus on specific organ systems, except for circumstances when a particular exposure or health concern exists for a defined study population. 

Studies of these specific organ system outcomes are not included in any regulatory test guidelines. 

Hoar RM Monie IW (1981) Comparative development of specific organ systems. In Kimmel CA Buelke-Sam J eds. Developmental toxicology. New York, Raven Press, pp 13-33. 

From ancient traditions to modern scientific studies, we know that medicinal herbs have physiological effects on specific organ systems. Herbs, like the organs they affect, are considered to fall under the influence of a particular planet or sign of the zodiac on the basis of an affinity. 

Reliable evidence on the substance or mixture (including bridging) of an adverse effect on specific organ/systems or systemic toxicity in humans or animals. May use guidance values in Table 3.8.1, Category 1 criteria as part of weight of evidence evaluation. May be named for specific organ/system. 

Melt viscositiy, reactivity, solubility, and other chemical and/or physical parameters like hydrophobicity or compatibility with specific organic systems can be widely varied. Also, the silicone portion gives these copolymers the typical siloxane feel and surface structure. 

A number of potential mechanisms and objective measures to explain and examine symptoms within specific organ systems have been identified. None of these have a high predictive value for the presence of disease and are not suitable for clinical diagnostic use. They are useful in field and laboratory investigations. These mechanisms and measures were reviewed by Doty and co-workers in 2004. 

CN intoxication may result in morphological and functional adverse effects in specific organ systems or tissues as a consequence of acute or repeated exposure to CN. These include both direct adverse reactions to and lesions of the respiratory, cardiovascular and central nervous systems. Secondary toxic effects, from SCN, may occur with the thyroid gland. These organ and tissue effects are summarized below. 

Effects of the compound on specific organ systems, i.e., cardiovascular, respiratory, and nervous, are evaluated. These are referred to as safety pharmacology studies and are intended to investigate the potential undesirable pharmacodynamic effects of a substance on physiological functions in relation to exposure. Parameters that are evaluated include blood pressure, heart rate, electrocardiogram, motor activity, behavioral changes, coordination, sensory/motor reflex responses, respiratory rate and depth (6,7). 

Stimulant Substance that increases the action of a specific organ system and/or induces a sense of well-being. Sudorific Substance that produces sweat. 

Reliable evidence concerning the substance or mixture (including bridging) of an adverse effect on specific organs/systems or systemic toxicity in humans or animals. 

Another important group of activities attributed to the protoberberine alkaloids is those related to specific organic systems. 

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