Remedial treatments, specialized

M. Harris, S. Herbert and M. S. Smith, Remedial Treatment for Contaminated Land, Vol. Ill Site Investigation and Assessment, Special Publication No. 103, CIRIA, London, 1995. 

KAL con s thermal units are applicable to treatment of hydrocarbon-contaminated soils but may not be used to remediate soils contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), radioactive isotopes, or dioxins. Pesticides and herbicides can be treated by low-temperature thermal desorption, but special permitting is required and may be difficult to obtain. 

Special power and commnnications lines, access ways, and deployment equipment may be necessary. Extensive training is reqnired if the robot is to be operated and/or maintained by site personnel. Some exposnre of personnel may be necessary to decontaminate the equipment prior to storage. Removed materials wiU reqnire treatment or stabilization using some other remediation technology prior to disposal. 

To remedy the fault, Nazi experts first rub the diamond with genuine eau-de-Cologne and, while still damp, placing it in very fine sawdust where it is whirled in a rubber-lined container or shaker, driven by mechanical means, until the proper degree of brilliance and lustre is restored. The process ends with a final polishing with a specially prepared chamois leather. The treatment costs from one hundred to one thousand Reichmarks, and takes the best part of three months to complete, according to the deterioration in the gem that has taken place.65... 

The most important water treatment technologies are summarized in Fig. 5-6. Depending on the source and on the water quahty, either mechanical, biological, physical, thermal, or chemical processes or their combinations may be applied. Photochemical AOPs and AOTs are subordinated to chemical processes, mainly because the current technological versions of photochemical wastewater remediation are dependent on the addition of auxihary oxidants, such as hydrogen peroxide, ozone or special catalysts such as titanium dioxide. Photochemical AOPs are attractive alternatives to non-destructive physical water treatment processes, for example adsorption, air stripping or desorption and membrane processes. The last merely transport contaminants from one phase to another, whereas the former are able to minerahze organic water contaminants (cf. Chapter 1). 

Fermentation is also used to treat industrial chemical or organic waste. The principle is very similar to the described anaerobic sludge treatment. That means that the organic material is converted to methane. Examples include waste containing cotton, rubber, plastics, fats, explosives, and detergents. The waste can be transferred to special treatment plants or be treated in situ in the open field where the waste was buried. Open-field microbiological treatment of spills or deposits of hazardous chemicals is a potentially attractive and inexpensive remediation method and has attracted a lot of research attention. So far, however, only a few examples have been successful. 

The halogenated quinolines include clioquinol (iodo-chlorohydroxyquinohne), diiodohydroxyquinoline, broxy-quinohne, and chlorquinaldol (all rINNs). Once regarded as a prophylactic and remedy for simple diarrhea, some of them remain in limited use for special purposes, notably for the treatment of amebiasis when no alternative is available. 

The Superfund cleanup program also has problems properly evaluating the cost--effectiveness of treatment options versus containment or land disposal. Nevertheless, most types of treatments can be modified for on-site use for remedial cleanups, or wastes and contaminated materials can be sent to treatment facilities. Also, special treatment... 

It has been stated (Hill, 5) that the disadvantage of using a treatment based on equation (1) was the neglect of entropy variations over the surface. We have here remedied that defect by generalizing the treatment to include variation of the special type (3). Hill has pointed out that the frequency of vibration normal to the surface should vary with the square of the adsorption energy, to the first approximation. The entropy of the adsorbed gas varies with the logarithm, of this frequency, so we may expect the approximate relationship... 

Table 32.3 summarizes the chemical analysis results for nine heaps at the end of 177 days. Two heaps were excluded from the assessment due to the presence of a mixed organic/inorganic pollution. Of special interest was TPH in C25-C35, which could not be remedied by microbiological methods. In all heaps, the different types of petroleum product responded to ECGO. TPH after 177 days of treatment was substantially below regulatory cleanup levels. As to PAH, the concentrations prior to the test were already below the cleanup levels and are reproduced only for purposes of completeness. 

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