Spark ignition vehicles

Ristovski Z, Morawska L, Hitchins J (1998) Submicrometer and supermicrometer particulate emission from spark ignition vehicles. Environ Sci Technol 32 3845-3852... 

The differences between these two methods of combustion lead to differing emissions depending on engine load and driving conditions. Zielinska et al. (2004) conclude that diesel vehicles typieaUy emit more UFP mass than spark ignition vehicles. Particles derived from diesel-powered vehicles contain non-volatile and semi-volatile polycychc aromatic hydrocarbons, elemental carbon or soot , and sulphate. In contrast, the UFP emitted from spark ignition vehicles have been shown to contain little sulphate but significantly more ammonium and calcium than diesel-powered vehicles. 

Toward a Zero-Emission, Spark-Ignited Vehicle... 

LPG, stored as a liquid at its saturation pressure, is vaporized and introduced as vapor in conventional spark ignition motors. These motors are not modified with the exception of their feed system. Moreover, in the majority of cases, dual fuel capabilities have been adapted, that is, the vehicle can use either LPG or liquid fuel. 

The use of propane as a motor vehicle fuel has been highly developed in some countries, particularly in the USA, Holland and Italy. It is, of course, an entirely lead-free fuel. Very high efficiencies can be obtained using a gaseous fuel in spark-ignition engines since intimate mixing of the fuel and air is much more easily achieved than with a liquid fuel. This results in a much cleaner exhaust, with considerable reductions in CO and hydrocarbons. 

Vehicle fleet owners often have their cars and/or vans converted to run on LPG and have an on-site bulk storage vessel installed complete with a dispensing pump. This is an attractive economic proposition for taxis, ambulances, local authority fleets, etc. Virtually any spark-ignition engine can be converted to run on LPG. It can therefore be considered for any engine-driven machinery. 

Galloni, E. and M. Minutillo, Performance of a spark ignition engine fuelled with reformate gas produced on-board vehicle. Int.. Hydrogen Energy, 32(13), 2532-2538,2007. 

PAFC PEMFC PFC PGM PHEV PISI PM POX ppm PPP Phosphoric-acid fuel cell Proton-exchange-membrane fuel cell Polymer-electrolyte membrane Perfluorocarbons Platinum-group metals Plug-in hybrid-electric vehicle Port-injection spark ignition Particulate matter Partial oxidation Parts per million Purchasing power parity... 

When ethanol is used in a standard spark ignition or compression ignition engine designed to bum conventional hydrocarbon-based fuels, ethanol performance varies substantially if no engine modifications are made, and it becomes difficult to rate the value of ethanol as an effective fuel. Consequently, flexible fueled vehicles (FFVs) or variable fueled vehicles (VFVs) have been developed to operate on either gasoline or alcohol-based fuels. These vehicles are equipped with on-board sensors and controls to adjust the spark advance and the fuel injector timing to help correct for the differences in fuel performance. 

C. Borgnakke, Flame Propagation and Heat Transfer Effects in Spark Ignition Engines, in Fuel Economy in Road Vehicles Powered by Spark Ignition Engines (Plenum Press, New York, 1984) p. 183. 

In the process of electrifying the automobile, the hydrogen FCV has no need for the internal combustion engine (ICE) or the oil it burns. Since their inventions in the late 1800s, spark ignition ICEs used to burn gasoline and compression ignition ICEs used to burn diesel have powered virtually all the billion plus motor vehicles built to date. ICEs are installed in virtually all the 50 million cars, trucks, and buses built annually around the world today. 

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