Soybeans acylation

Propanam i ne, 2-methyl -N-(2-methyl propyl)-. See Diisobutylamine 1-Propanamine, 3-(trimethoxysilyl)-. See Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane 1-Propanaminium, 3-amino-N-(carboxymethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-, N-castor-oil acyl derivs., hydroxides, inner salts. See Ricinoleamidopropyl betaine 1-Propanaminium, 3-amino-N-(carboxymethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-, N-coco acyl derivs., hydroxides, inner salts. See Cocamidopropyl betaine 1 -Propanaminium, 3-amino-N-carboxymethyl-N,N-dimethyl-, N-soybean-acyl derivs., hydroxides, inner salts. See Soyamidopropyl betaine... 

Soyamidopropalkonium chloride Synonyms 1-Propanaminium, 3-amino-N,N,N-trimethyl, N-soybean-acyl derivs., chlorides Classification Quaternary ammonium salt Uses Antistat, substantivity agent, conditioner for cosmetics... 

Sterols are present in concentrations of 0.2—0.4% in the oils. Compositions are given in Table 5. The sterols exist in the seeds in four forms free, estetified, nonacylated glucosides, and acylated glucosides. Soybeans contain a total of 0.16% of these sterol forms in the ratio of ca 3 1 2 2 (27) (see... 

Toda, T. et al.. New 6-0-acyl isoflavone glycosides from soybeans fermented with Bacillus subtilis (natto). I. 6-0-succinylated isoflavone glycosides and their preventive effects on bone loss in ovariectomized rats fed a calcium-deficient diet, Biological Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 22, 1193, 1999. 

Collectively, as found in nature, phospholipids are usually mixtures of different acyl groupings and terminal head groups. These mixtures can be extracted using solvents from, for example, plants (e.g., soybeans) or eggs and constitute the material usually known in commerce ay lecithin. Unfortunately there has been a tendency to call dipalmitoylphosphatidycholine, PC, one of the major constituents of most natural mixtures, lecithin, and it may be better to avoid applying this name to a purified derivative. 

Influence of Intermolecular Spacing on Enzymic Hydrolysis of Lecithin Monolayers. When snake venom phospholipase A is injected under a lecithin monolayer, it splits lecithin into lysolecithin and free fatty acid. The change in polar groups of the monolayer results in a change of surface potential. However, if prior to injection of enzyme into the subsolution, a lecithin monolayer is compressed to such a surface pressure that the active site of the enzyme is unable to penetrate the monolayer, hydrolysis does not proceed. For monolayers of dipalmitoyl, egg, soybean, and dioleoyl lecithins the threshold surface pressure values at which hydrolysis does not proceed are 20, 30, 37, and 45 dynes per cm., respectively (40). This is also the same order for area per molecule in their surface pressure-area curves, indicating that enzymic hydrolysis of lecithin monolayers is influenced by the unsaturation of the fatty acyl chains and hence the intermolecular spacing in monolayers (40). 

The phosphoric acid esters of diacyl glycerides, phospholipids, are important constituents of cellular membranes. Lecithins (phosphatidyl cholines) from egg white or soybeans are often added to foods as emulsifying agents or to modify flow characteristics and viscosity. Phospholipids have very low vapor pressures and decompose at elevated temperatures. The strategy for analysis involves preliminary isolation of the class, for example by TLC, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis, derivatization of the hydrolysis products, and then GC of the volatile derivatives. A number of phospholipases are known which are highly specific for particular positions on phospholipids. Phospholipase A2, usually isolated from snake venom, selectively hydrolyzes the 2-acyl ester linkage. The positions of attack for phospholipases A, C, and D are summarized on Figure 9.7 (24). Appropriate use of phospholipases followed by GC can thus be used to determine the composition of phospholipids. 

Glycerophospholipids contain a glycerol skeleton to which two fatty acids are esterified saturated fatty acids occupy mostly sn-position 1, whereas unsaturated fatty acids are mainly present on sn-position 2. The third hydroxyl is linked to a phosphate group to which an organic base is mostly esterified (Fig. 1). The most important components of soybean lecithin are phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and phosphatidylinositol (PI). Phosphatidic acid (PA) may become important due to the presence of phospholipase D this enzyme slowly converts PC into PA in vegetable lecithins. Phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and lyso-phosphatidylcholine (LPC) are known as minor components lysophospholipids contain only one acyl group per molecule. Besides, ether phospholipids occur in which one or both fatty acyl... 

Du, W., Xu, Y., Liu, D., and Zeng, J. 2004. Comparative study on lipase-catalyzed transformation of soybean oil for biodiesel production with different acyl acceptors. J. Mol. Catal. B Enzym., 3,125-129. 

The formation of IAA conjugates is widely believed to be a means for removal of excess IAA produced during certain times of plant development and also in mutant plants where indolic precursors and IAA metabolites accumulate.32 In all higher and many lower plants, applied IAA is rapidly conjugated to form IAA—aspartate.33 The ability of plant tissues to make aspartate conjugates of a variety of active auxins is induced by pretreatment with auxin,34 and this induction was shown to be blocked by inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis. After almost 50 years of study, an in vitro system from plants was described that accounts for the formation of IAA amide conjugates35 via a mechanism where the acidic auxin is adenylated followed by acyl transfer to the amino acid. The gene for this reaction had been discovered almost 20 years before, when GH3 from soybean was shown... 

Harp and Hammond (45) explored the stereospecific distribution of acyl groups on the three positions of the glycerol molecule for soybean triacylglycerols with a wide range in fatty acid composition. They found that the amount of an acyl group... 

The primary phosphatides of soybean oil are phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidyl-ethanolamine, and phosphotidylinositol, which generally make up 55.3%, 26.3%, and 18.4% of the total phosphatides, respectively (50). The stereospecific distribution of the acyl groups in these phospholipids for a typical soybean lipid is shown in Table 5. In all the phospholipids, the saturated acyl groups are concentrated in the... 

TABLE 6. Acyl and Triacylglycerol Composition in mol% of Soybean Oils Having a Wide Range of Fatty Acyl Compositions (48, 49). 

There are small amounts of two acyl groups containing furan rings in soybeans (30). These oils are reported to be the sources of the odorous compound 3-methyl-2,4-dione by photo-oxidation (61), but Kao et al. (62) were not able to find differences in flavor of photo-oxidized varieties with high and low content of these acyl groups. 

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