South commercial applications

Introduction and commercial application Investment opportunities in the exploration and production (E P) sector of oil and gas business are abundant. Despite areas such as the North Sea, Gulf of Mexico and the North Slope in Alaska being mature areas, there are still many new fields under development in those regions, and new areas of business interest are opening up in South America, Africa and South East Asia. Some fields which have a production history of decades are being redeveloped, such as the Pedernales Field in Venezuela. 

First patented by J. W. Simpson in 1884 and developed by J. S. MacArthur and R. W. and W. Forrest in Glasgow in 1887. The first commercial application was at the Crown Mine, New Zealand in 1889, followed shortly by mines in South Africa and the United States. If zinc dust is used, the process is known as the Merrill-Crowe process. 

Extremely favorable physical and chemical characteristics made PCBs ideal vehicles for widely diverse industrial uses and formulation (see section-Uses). Soon after their industrial production by Monsanto and others (1929) their wide commercial application in products and processes resulted in extensive environmental contamination throughout the world—in air, soil and water. Virtually no living creature is free of PCB contamination, since it has been incorporated by now into all levels of the food chain from the lowliest unicellular creature to man (ref. 142). Table 8 gives PCB concentrations measured in blood sera of 6l6 residents of urban and rural areas of South Carolina in 1972 (ref. 136, p. 36). The GLC technique used (e-capture with Ni-63, after dehydrochlorination) was of limited sensitivity, hence the poor detection of lower PCB levels. Data correlated with race and residence and appeared to be independent of sex and age. Mean concentrations of PCBs found in maternal and cord blood samples (Tokyo, Japan, Dec. 1973 through Feb. 1974) were 2.8 and 1.1 ppb, respectively, calculated on a whole blood basis (Akiyama et al., 1975). Transfer of PCB from the mother to the fetus appeared to be non-selective (ref. l43f). Table 9 gives PCB concentrations found in seven second- and third-trimester fetuses, calculated on both whole tissue and fat bases. Concentrations reported in 19 first trimester fetuses (5-8 weeks) were less than 2 ppb (ref. 136, p. 37). 

The name and symbol come from Spanishplatina, meaning silver. Although this metal was used in pre-Columbian South America, it was identified by a European as a unique mineral in 1557 by Julius Caesar Scaliger (1484-1558). Platinum was described in 1745 by Antonio de Ulloa (1716-1795), but he was prevented from publishing until 1748. Charles Wood independently described the metal in 1741, but it was not identified as a new element until 1750, when it was studied by William Watson (1715-1787). Platinum is very rare and is extensively used as jewelry, but in recent years it has been increasingly used in the electronics industry and as a catalyst, both for scientific research and in commercial applications such as antipollution devices (catalytic converters) and hydrogen fuel cells. 

National programs are underway to develop and deploy the reactor and applications in China, France, South Korea, and United States [35-38]. Many more countries are participating in R D through the High Temperature Reactor Technology Network of the European Union [39] and the GIF including the 10 member countries [40]. Builds of full-scale commercial demonstration reactors are actively planned in several countries such as South Africa [41] and the United States [38]. 

The divalent mineral-binding effect of CPPs can be put in use in applications where one wants to increase the availability for absorption of these minerals in the gut. Drinks with calcium and iron are examples for commercial uses of CPPs examples can be found especially in the Japanese market. Products for children that incorporate calcium or milk minerals and CPPs in sweets or cookies are found in the South Asian market. As mineral accretion is high during early childhood, incorporation of CPPs provides good solubility and availability for absorption of calcium or zinc and thus is worth considering for infant nutrition. Other possible uses are in calcium-enriched dairy products and natural calcium supplements. In addition, dental applications are obvious, since complexes of calcium, CPPs and phosphate may reduce caries in a dose-dependent fashion. 

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