Mineral matter extraneous

Another test far the detection of ivory-nut meal is as follows4 5 grams of the flour are shaken in a separating funnel with chloroform and left at rest for 6 hours. Any ivory-nut meal present is then deposited on the bottom of the funnel and is examined microscopically, any extraneous mineral matter being removed by the treatment given above. 

Extraneous Mineral Matter.—Flour may contain sand or earth... 

Extraneous Mineral Matters.—Tests should be made for heavy metals (copper, lead, zinc, etc.) and for alum, which is sometimes added, together with sodium bicarbonate, to prevent acidification (see Flour, section 12). 

The presence of extraneous mineral matters is detected as follows 4-5 grams of the powdered substance are shaken in a test-tube with chloroform and then left to stand any mineral matter then settles at the bottom of the tube, wliilst the starch floats at the surface of the liquid. Analysis of the ash of the product by the ordinary methods indicates the nature of the inorganic substances. 

The analysis of sweetmeats is usually limited to a determination of the sugar, which is the principal constituent. Sometimes, however, it is necessary to test for and determine the starch and extraneous mineral matters and to test for colouring substances and artificial sweetening agents, the methods already indicated for other sugar products being employed. 

There are two types of minerals in coal (1) extraneous mineral matter and (2) inherent mineral matter. Extraneous mineral matter consists of materials such as calcium, magnesium, and ferrous carbonates pyrite marcasite clay shale sand and gypsum. Inherent mineral matter represents the inorganic elements combined with organic components of coal that originated from the plant materials from which the coal was formed. 

The term, mineral matter , usually applies to all inorganic, noncarbonaceous material in the coal and includes those inorganic elements which may occur in organic combination. Physically, the inorganic matter can be divided into two groups—inherent mineral matter and extraneous mineral matter. Inherent mineral matter originates as part of the growing plant life from which coal was formed. Under the circumstances, it has a uniform distribution within the coal. Inherent mineral matter seldom exceeds 2 to 3 percent of the coal [12]. 

Extraneous mineral matter generally consists of large bits and pieces of inorganic material typical of the surrounding geology. In some cases the extraneous matter is so finely divided and uniformly dispersed within the coal it behaves as inherent mineral matter. Coal preparation can separate some of the extraneous ash from the coal substance, but it seldoms removes any of the inherent mineral matter. 

The terms extraneous mineral matter and inherent mineral matter were usually used to describe an ashforming material, separable and nonseparable from coal... 

Mineral matter in coal (Chapter 7) is often classified as inherent mineral matter or as extraneous mineral matter. The inherent mineral matter is the inorganic material that originated as part of the plant material that formed the organic debris in the source bed. On the other hand, extraneous mineral matter is that inorganic material which was brought into the coal-forming deposit by various means from external sources. 

In more general terms, coal cleaning is a balance between recovery of the maximum energy content of the coal and rejection of extraneous mineral matter. Indeed, it is difficult (perhaps impossible) not to reject some coal with the rock and slate. Thus, every coal refuse pile in existence will contain some measure of recoverable energy. One major challenge is to reduce this potential loss of energy to the minimum practical amount. 

Mineral matter originates from the inorganic constituents of the vegetation which acted as the precursor to coal and from the mineral matter that was transported to the coal bed from a remote site (Chapters 3 and 4). Thus, mineral matter in coal has often been classified as inherent and extraneous mineral matter (Francis, 1961 Stach et al., 1982 Spears and Zheng, 1999). 

There has been considerable discussion and conjecture about the origin of the so-called inherent and extraneous mineral matter in coal. Indeed, it is in regard to this particular aspect of coal technology... 

Mineral matter is always present in raw coal and forms ash when the coal is burned. The ash-forming mineral matter is nsnaUy classified as either inherent or extraneous. Ash-forming material organically combined with the coal is considered as inherent mineral matter. Generally the inherent mineral matter contained in coal is about 2 percent or less of the total ash. Extraneous mineral matter is ash-forming material that is foreign to the plant material from which the coal was formed. It consists usnaUy of slate, shale, sandstone, or limestone. 

The processes that govern the formation of ash particles are complex and only partially understood (Figure 7.12). The mineral matter in pulverized coal is distributed in various forms some is essentially carbon-free and is designated as extraneous some occurs as mineral inclusions, typically 2-5 pm in size, dispersed in the coal matrix and some is atomically dispersed in the coal either as cations on carboxylic acid side chains or in porphyrin-type stmctures. The behavior of the mineral matter during combustion depends strongly on the chemical and physical state of the mineral inclusions. 

As regards resin oils for electric transformers and commutators, the principal requirements are that they should be clear, quite free from moisture and extraneous suspended matters, not acid (up to 0 2% of SOs is allowed) and free from mineral oils, and that they should remain quite fluid at —15° C. 

Catechu and gambier have catechu-tannic acid and catechin for their essential components. They may be adulterated with mineral matter (earth, ochre, clay, sand), starch, dextrin, extraneous tanning materials and dried blood. 

The physical differences between inherent and extraneous ash are important not only to those interested in cleaning coal but also to those concerned with the fireside behavior of coal ash. Inherent material is so intimately mixed with coal that its thermal history is linked to the combustion of the coal particle in which it is contained. Therefore, it will most likely reach a temperature in excess of the gas in the immediate surroundings. The close proximity of each species with every other species permits chemical reaction and physical changes to occur so rapidly that the subsequent ash particles formed will behave as a single material whose composition is defined by the mixture of minerals contained within the coal particle. The atmosphere under which the individual transformations take place will, no doubt, approach a reducing environment. Figure 2 illustrates a model of the coal and mineral matter as fed to the combustor and the fate of the minerals after combustion [13]. 

Extraneous materials can behave as discrete mineral particles comprised of a single species or a multiplicity of species. As already indicated, a portion of this material may be so finely divided it can behave as inherent mineral matter. During combustion the larger particles respond individually to the rising temperature of the environment. In the absence of carbon or other exothermic reactants, the particle should always be at a temperature somewhat less than the local gas temperature. However, the particles may be subjected to either reducing or oxidizing conditions. As each particle rises in temperature, it loses water of hydration, evolves gas, becomes oxidized or reduced, and eventually sinters or melts, depending on its particular composition or temperature level. 

The rate at which these elements will leach from the ash sample is dependent on the form in which the element is present and the location of the element within the ash matrix or adsorbed onto the ash particle surface. The ash spheres are chemically stable in the environment and are resistant to weathering due to the aluminosilicate matrix. Any element present in this matrix will not be readily avaiable for leaching. Elements adsorbed onto the surface of the ash spheres will be more readily leached. Uncombusted mineral matter may account for presence of high concentrations of certain elements in the whole ash analyses. However, leachates generated from these ashes may not reflect the high concentrations because the extraneous material associated with the ash is not in a form that is susceptible to leaching within the time span of these experiments. 

Mineral matter content ranges from 3% to 60% (mineral ash) at different mines. Most of the ash is introduced for the roof or bottom of the mine or from partings (small seams of slate) in the coal seam. This mineral matter (extraneous ash) is heavier than 1.80 specific gravity the remaining mineral matter is inherent in the coal. The density of coal increases with the amount of mineral matter ash present. 

Finally, mineral matter in coal is the parent material in coal from which ash is derived and which comes from minerals present in the original plant materials that formed the coal, or from extraneous sources such as sediments and precipitates from mineralized water. Mineral matter in coal cannot be analytically determined and is commonly calculated using data on ash and ash-forming constituents. Coal analyses are calculated to the mineral matter-free basis by adjusting formulas used in calculations in order to deduct the weight of mineral matter from the total coal. 

Coking n. In the running of copals, or sweating of asphaltums, and other materials, which naturally contain a proportion of infusible dirt or mineral matter, this extraneous matter is likely to escape the action of the stirrer. As a consequence, any organic matter associated with it is liable to be overheated, and carbonization occurs. This... 

Because moisture and mineral matter (incorporating the ash) are extraneous to the coal substance, there are different ways to report the analytical data... 

The physical and chemical characters of margarine, after melting and filtering, are naturally related to the fatty substances used in its preparation. For its analysis, use is made of the methods indicated for the various oils and fats (see Fatty Substances, Vol. I), and its distinction from butter is effected by the methods described for butter. Further, the methods there given are used for testing for various extraneous matters (flour, mineral substances), preservatives (salicylic acid, boric acid, etc.) and colouring matters. 

Purified, rubber has been freed from most of the extraneous matter and mineral substances and from almost all the moisture. The washing loss, i.e., the diminution in weight of the raw rubber in consequence of purification, depends on the composition and especially on the content of extraneous matter and moisture with the best qualities it is scarcely 10% or even less (about 5% for certain plantation rubbers), with good qualities (Para.) to-20%, and for ordinary qualities 40% or more. 

Factis is, however, often sold mixed with various extraneous matters such as mineral substances, mineral oils, vaseline, or paraffin wax, resins or resin oils, bitumen, tar, etc. Further, white factis may be coloured artificially by organic colouring matters soluble in fats. 

In the USA, most type A gelatin is obtained from pig skins. This material is washed in cold water for a few hours to remove extraneous matter and is then digested in dilute mineral acid (HGl, H2SO4, H2SO3, or H3PO4) at pH 1-3 and 15-20°C until maximum swelling has occurred. This process takes approximately 24 hours. The swollen stock is then washed with water to remove excess acid, and the pH is adjusted to pH 3.5—4.0 for the conversion to gelatin by hot-water extraction. 

---