Permian Upper

Oil that has been discovered and produced from the Pennsylvanian Tensleep Sandstone (fig 11), the probable Lower Permian part of the Weber Sandstone in northwestern Colorado, and the middle Permian Park City Formation in central Wyoming probably has been derived from the Phosphoria Formation. Oil in the Lower Permian upper member of the Minnelusa Formation in northeastern Wyoming may have migrated into these reservoirs from the Phosphoria source beds, but carbonaceous beds in the middle member of the Minnelusa are a more likely source Cheney and Sheldon (33) speculated that petroleum originated in the organic-carbon-rich shale beds of the Phosphoria Formation and that the oil... 

The basement is made up of crystalline schists of the meso-metamorphic Somes Series. Sedimentation started during Permian with detritic deposits interbedded with rhyolites. The overlying Triassic deposits are unconformable and include detritic formations (Lower Triassic) and massive layers of carbonate rocks (Middle Triassic). The absence of the Upper Triassic is due to the uplift of the region during the Kimmeric tectonic phase. 

Fig. 12.25 Di ssolution features of hematites Upper Undissolved (a) and partly dissolved (b c) synthetic Al-hematite (AI/(Fe+AI) = 0.094 mol moT j in dithionite/citrate/bicarbonate at25 (Araki Sch A/ertmann unpubl.), Lo A/er Undissolved and partly dissolved hematite from a redoxomorphic subsoil of a typical Hapludalf on Permian mudstone, Ohio (Bigham et al., 1991, A/ith permission).

Salt deposits are potential host rocks for the disposal of high-level radioactive waste. In this chapter we will present data from the Werra-Fulda district (northern Germany) where Upper Permian (Zechstein) salt is crosscut by numerous basalt dykes of Miocene age. 

The evaporites of the Werra-Fulda potash district were deposited during the Upper Permian (Zechstein). The series has a total thickness of... 

Shao, L., Jones, T., Gayer, R., Dai, S., Li, S. Jiang, Y. 2003. Petrology and geochemistry of the high-sulphur coals from the Upper Permian carbonate coal measures in the Hesham Coalfield, southern China. International Journal of Coal Geology, 55, 1 -26. 

Cretaceous) kru = Lower Cretaceous j = Jurassic tr = Triassic z = Zechstein (Upper Permian) cwc = Westfalian C (Carboniferous) cw = Westfalian B cwa = Westfalian A (after Stadler, M. TeichmiiUer and R. TeichmiiUer (22))... 

Belkin, H.E. (1998) Mineralogy and speciation of arsenic in coals of the Upper Permian Longtan Formation, Guizhou Province, P. R. China. Abstracts with Programs. The Geological Society of America, 30(7), 59. 

Southwestern Guizhou Province is underlain by an extensive thick volume of Upper Paleozoic and Lower Mesozoic sedimentary rocks. The Permian strata, although areally much less extensive, contains coal-bearing argillaceous sedimentary rocks of the Longtan Formation (Fig. 17.2). Southwestern Guizhou Province and... 

Samples. Brown coal lithotype samples were taken from a bore core from the Flynn field in the Loy Yang region of the Latrobe Valley, Victoria, Australia. The brown coal deposits in this area are believed to be Miocene to Eocene in age. All five lithotype samples were taken at depths between 93 and 100.5 m below the surface in a 120-m core and were provided by the SECV. The black coal sample was from the Upper Hunter region (Permian) of New South Wales (Sydney Basin), Australia, and had a carbon content of 81.3%, dry, ash-free basis (DAF). This sample was provided by the Australian Coal Industry Research Laboratories Ltd. (ACIRL). The characteristics of these samples are set out in Table II. 

The mineralisation at Johnson Camp (see also Chapter 8) consists of chalcopyrite, sphalerite, bomite and pyrite. It was pyrometasomatically-introduced into limestones of the Naco Group of Upper Pennsylvanian to Lower Permian age by the nearby Tertiary Texas Canyon quartz monzonite intrusive (Cooper and Silver, 1964). The mineralisation has invaded the host rock along minor fractures and as disseminations. The mineralised zones have been partly oxidised near their suboutcrops and, adjacent to the iimumerable mineralised minor fractures, along much of their down-dip extensions. The overall... 

In order to verify the dynamic concept of the behavior of gas throughout sedimentary basins, we first report the results of an empirical study on The Netherlands offshore gas fields (Broad Fourteens Basin, Fig. 1 shadowed area). This basin is part of the European Upper Carboniferous Basin. The gas fields are sourced from Upper Carboniferous coals and shales, reservoired in Upper Permian Zechstein carbonates (Plattendolomit) and sealed by Zechstein rock salt (Na2-4). The problem facing exploration was that the rate of dry holes was very high even if structural closure and favorable reservoir properties were confirmed. In order to find a solution and to offer a tool for the prediction of fill or non-fill of structures before drilling, we examined 29 case histories (fields, finds, shows and dry holes) under the aspect of dynamics of gas flow. 

The Retort Member is thickest in southwestern Montana The Retort closely resembles the Meade Peak except that its thickness is about one-half that of the Meade Peak and its shorelines and apparent depocenter are displaced northward The Retort, like the Meade Peak, is believed to have been deposited along a belt that extended southward into eastern Idaho from the apparent depocenter in southwestern Montana However, the Upper Permian sequence has been eroded in most of eastern Idaho prior to deposition of Triassic strata (22) and has left the original extent of the Retort unknown ... 

Carroll AR, Stephens NP, Hendrix MS, Glenn CR (1998) Eolian-derived siltstone in the Upper Permian Phosphoria Formation implications for marine upwelling. Geol 26 1023-1026 Cathcart JB (1991) Phosphate deposits of the United States—discovery, development, economic geology and outlook for the future. In The Geology of North America. Gluskoter HJ, Rice DD, Taylor RB (eds) Geol Soc Am, Boulder, Colorado, P-2 153-164... 

Fossil Record. The fossil record contains evidence that white-rot fungi have been present since the upper Devonian period (23). Fungi with hyphal characteristics of basidiomycetes were found associated with a decay of Callixylon wood that was similar to modern white rot. Cell wall erosion and coalescing of erosion troughs indicated it was the type of white rot that simultaneously degrades all cell wall components. Specimens of Vertebraria from the Permian also have been observed with a white rot (24). The decay was characterized by cell walls that were progressively reduced in thickness, and eventually the entire cell wall was removed. 

The input data on basin evolution (see Table 6.1) assume that about 2.2 km of Silurian-Devonian sediments were eroded during the Permian Hercynian orogeny, nearly the upper limit of erosion amplitude. The presence of thick layers of these sediments in neighboring sedimentary sections supports this assumption. Some details of the problem of erosion amplitude assessment are discussed in the following paragraphs. 

Palaeozoic The first era of Phanerozoic time. It follows the Precambrian and is subdivided into the Lower Palaeozoic, comprising the Cambrian, Ordovician, and Silurian periods, and the Upper Palaeozoic, comprising the Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian periods. It extended from about 542 million years ago to about 251 million years ago, when it was succeeded by the Mesozoic era. 

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