Sonophoresis delivery

Mitragotri S, Kost J. Low-frequency sonophoresis—a review. Adv Drug Delivery Rev 2004 56 589-601. 

Mitragotri, S., D. Blanckschtein, and R. Langer. 1996. Transdermal drug delivery using low-frequency sonophoresis. Pharm Res 13 411. 

Bommannan, D., et al. 1992. Sonophoresis. I. The use of high-frequency ultrasound to enhance transdermal drug delivery. Pharm Res 9 559. 

Mitragotri, S., and J. Kost 2000. Low-frequency sonophoresis A noninvasive method of drug delivery and diagnostics. Biotechnol Prog 16 488. 

Topical applications in the form of spray also have been reported as vehicles for enhanced frawi-dermal delivery of drugs such as testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, and norethindrone acetate. More effective drug penetration was reported with enhancers padimate and octyl salicylate and compared with laurocapram and oleic acid (38). Other methods reported for enhanced percutaneous drug absorption include iontophoresis (39), ultrasound or sonophoresis (40), and electroporation (41). 

Ultrasound (or sonophoresis) is a technology more traditionally associated with the fields of physiotherapy, sports medicine, and medical imaging rather than transdermal dmg delivery. Compared to physiotherapy, where high-frequency energy (1 MHz) is used, in transdermal dmg delivery low-frequency energy (20 kHz region) is applied across the skin. Cavitation, the acoustically induced formation and oscillation of gas bubbles formed because of the mechanical energy supplied, is the most probable... 

Magnetics-activated drug delivery systems Sonophoresis-activated drug delivery systems Iontophoresis-activated drug delivery systems Hydration-activated drug delivery systems... 

The use of ultrasound (US) to enhance percutaneous absorption (so-called sonophoresis or phonophoresis) has been studied over many years, and is the basis of US propagation and US effects on tissue, and the use of US in transdermal delivery have been reviewed in detail. The proposed mechanisms by which US enhances skin penetration include cavitation, thermal effects and mechanical perturbation of the SC that is, US acts on the barrier function of the membrane. ... 

Sonophoresis has employed three distinct categories of US high-frequency or diagnostic US (2-10 MHz), mid-frequency or therapeutic US (0.7-3 MHz), and low-frequency US (5-100 kHz). It appears, from a general overview of the literature, that the efficiency of US-mediated drug delivery depends on several factors, including US frequency, intensity (i.e., power per unit area), continuous versus pulsed mode, duty cycle, duration, coupling medium, and so on. The fact that very few studies have used common values for some or any of these parameters almost certainly accounts for the different and sometimes contradictory results in the public domain. 

Mitragotri, S. Blankschtein, D. Langer, R. Sonophoresis enhanced transdermal drug delivery by application of ultrasound. In Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Tech- 112. nology, 1st Ed. Swarbrick, J., Boylan, J.C., Eds. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, 1996 14, 103-122. 

Historically, the transdermal route of drug administration has been considered for topical rather than systemic delivery of drugs. Accordingly, most of the sonophoresis experiments reported in Table 2 were... 

Over the last 20 years, transdermal route of delivery has been considered as a means for systemic drug administration. Over this period, sonophoresis has been attempted to enhance systemic transdermal delivery. Levy et al. ° showed that 3-5 min of ultrasound exposure (IMHz, 1.5W/cm ) increased transdermal permeation of mannitol and physostigmine across hairless rat skin in vivo by up to 15-fold. They also reported that the lag time typically associated with transdermal drug delivery was nearly-completely eliminated after exposure to ultrasound. ° ... 

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