Sonophoresis, transdermal drug delivery

Mitragotri, S., D. Blanckschtein, and R. Langer. 1996. Transdermal drug delivery using low-frequency sonophoresis. Pharm Res 13 411. 

Bommannan, D., et al. 1992. Sonophoresis. I. The use of high-frequency ultrasound to enhance transdermal drug delivery. Pharm Res 9 559. 

Mitragotri, S. Blankschtein, D. Langer, R. Sonophoresis enhanced transdermal drug delivery by application of ultrasound. In Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Tech- 112. nology, 1st Ed. Swarbrick, J., Boylan, J.C., Eds. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, 1996 14, 103-122. 

Over the last 20 years, transdermal route of delivery has been considered as a means for systemic drug administration. Over this period, sonophoresis has been attempted to enhance systemic transdermal delivery. Levy et al. ° showed that 3-5 min of ultrasound exposure (IMHz, 1.5W/cm ) increased transdermal permeation of mannitol and physostigmine across hairless rat skin in vivo by up to 15-fold. They also reported that the lag time typically associated with transdermal drug delivery was nearly-completely eliminated after exposure to ultrasound. ° ... 

Historically, the transdermal route of drug administration has been considered for topical rather than systemic delivery of drugs. Accordingly, most of the sonophoresis experiments reported in Table 2 were... 

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