Percutaneous drug absorption

M. Kietzmann, W. Loscher, D. Arens, P. Maass, and D. Lubach. The isolated perfused bovine udder as an in vitro model of percutaneous drug absorption of dexamethasone, benzoyl peroxide, and etofenamate. J. Pharm. Toxicol. Meth. 30 75-84 (1993). 

Neumann D, Kohlbacher O, Merkwirth C, Lengauer T (2006) A fully computational model for predicting percutaneous drug absorption. J Chem Inf Model 46 424-429. 

Kubota K, Dey F, Matar SA, Twizell EH (2002) A repeated-dose model of percutaneous drug absorption. Appl Math Model 26 529-544. 

Simon L, Loney NW (2005) An analytical solution for percutaneous drug absorption application and removal of the vehicle. Math Biosci 197 119-139. 

Kubota K, Twizell EH (1992) A nonlinar numerical model of percutaneous drug absorption. Math Biosci 108 157-178. 

Percutaneous drug absorption can present special problems in newborns, especially in preterm infants. While the skin of a newborn term infant may have the same protective capacity as the skin of an adult, a preterm infant will not have this protective barrier until after 2 to 3 weeks of life. Excessive percutaneous absorption has caused significant toxicity to preterm babies. Absorption of hexachlorophene soap used to bathe newborns has resulted in brain damage and death. Aniline dyes on hospital linen have caused cyanosis secondary to methemoglobinemia, and EMLA (lidocaine/prilocaine) cream may cause methemoglobinemia when administered to infants less than 3 months of age. 

Topical applications in the form of spray also have been reported as vehicles for enhanced frawi-dermal delivery of drugs such as testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, and norethindrone acetate. More effective drug penetration was reported with enhancers padimate and octyl salicylate and compared with laurocapram and oleic acid (38). Other methods reported for enhanced percutaneous drug absorption include iontophoresis (39), ultrasound or sonophoresis (40), and electroporation (41). 

Rutter N (1987). Percutaneous drug absorption in the newborn hazards and uses. Clin Perinatol 14 911-930. 

Kubota, K. and Yamada, T. (1990). Finite dose percutaneous drug absorption theory and its application to in vitro timolol permeation. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 79, 1015-1019. 

Percutaneous preparations (gels, creams, and emulsions) are convenient, but variability in drug absorption is common. This form of estrogen is used for systemic therapy. Topical emulsion and gel formulations were approved for use recently in the United States. 

Sutinen, R., A. Urtti, V. Saano, and P. Paronen. 1993. Water-activated and pH-controlled transdermal patch Drug absorption and skin irritation. In Prediction of percutaneous penetration, vol. 3b. Edited by K. R. Brain V. J. James, and K. A. Walters. Cardiff, UK STS Publishing, pp. 554-557. 

One of the earlier studies demonstrating the role of blood flow on percutaneous absorption in humans used comparison dermal concentrations after topical application in vitro and in vivo (Schaefer and Stuttgen, 1978). Perfusion caused by cutaneous microcirculation also affected responses after the topical penetration of the vasodilator methyl nicotinate in humans (Guy et al., 1983). Altered transdermal drug absorption of the vasoactive nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) methyl salicylate (MeSA) has also been attributed to changes in in vivo cutaneous perfusion. Exercise, heat exposure, or both increased MeSA absorption more than three times the control levels in six volunteers (Danon etal., 1986). A later case study reported that skin necrosis and other toxic symptoms occurred when a heating pad was used with a topical MeSA and menthol formulation meant to treat arthritic pain (Heng, 1987). 

Deuterium has also been employed to investigate the quantitative movement of water through the skin as this may have some bearing on the environmental conditions imder which certain groups of patients are maintained [281]. An extension of this type of study is the potential use of deuterium oxide or deu-terated pharmaceuticals to study the absorption efficiency of percutaneous drug administration. 

Percutaneous Absorption Drugs-Cosmetics-Mechanisms-Metho-dology, Third Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Robert L. Bronaugh and Howard I. Maibach... 

Levi, G. (1963). Prescription Pharmacy (Sprawls, J.B., Ed.). Lea Febiger, Philadelphia. Lien, E., Koda, R.T. and Tong, G.L. (1971). Buccal and percutaneous absorptions. Drug Intel. 

H. R. Moghimi, B. W. Barry, and A. C. Williams. Stratum corneum and barrier performance A model lamellar structural approach. In R. L. Bronaugh and H. Maibach (eds.), Percutaneous Absorption—Drugs, Cosmetics, Mechanisms, Methodology, Marcel Dekker, New York, Basel, Hong Kong, 1999, pp. 515-553. 

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