Some Examples from Industries

These are presented to the reader to indicate the practical manner in which their own process plants can be examined to make them safer. The list is only indicative, and the readers can add more examples from their knowledge and experience. 

ONE PERSON MUST STAND OUTSIDE WHILE ANOTHER PERSON WORKS INSIDE 

5) CHECK [NSIDE OF VESSEL SY GAS DETECTOR BEFORE ENTRY 

6) USE EXHAUST FAN FOR REMOVING INSIDE GAS T) PUT BLIND [N STEAM LINE AT INLET OF REACTOR 6 SHOES SHALL HAVE ACO RESlSTMiT 

RUBBER SOLES AND wrTNQIJT NAILS TO PREVENT SPARKING 

---

Target levels can be utilized at many levels and areas of technology. Some examples from industrial air technology follow ... 

In this chapter, the fundamentals and the most common methods and techniques for the synthesis, processing, characterization, and modification of mac-romolecular materials are described briefly, as an introduction to the special Chaps. 3,4, and 5. The main emphasis is on the description of methods and techniques used in laboratories, but some examples from industrial practice are also mentioned. 

Some examples of industrial applications of acid-treated clays (Adopted in part from Chitnis and Sharma, 1997) ... 

Vaccari (1983,1999) has given a state-of-the-art account of the preparation and catalytic properties of cationic and anionic clays. Some examples of industrial importance have also been reported. Clays exhibit many desirable features, such as low cost, wide range of preparation variables, ease of set-up and wOrk-up, high selectivity, and environmental friendliness. Cationic clays are widespread in nature, whereas anionic clays are rarely found in nature, but they can be synthesized cheaply. Cationic clays are prepared from the minerals but industrial anionic clays are generally synthetic. Smectite clays exhibit both Brpnsted and Lewis acid sites on the edges of the crystals. Hammet s acidity function values are as follows Na -montmorillonite (M), -3 to t- 1.5 NH4VM -3 to 1.5 H M -8.2 to -5.6 acid activated clay less than -8.2. Laporte also has a synthetic version of cationic clays, Laponite. The acid... 

Blow-moulded containers have various and diversified applications from small bottles to drums for packaging of foods and beverages, chemicals, motor oils, cosmetics, toiletries, drugs and pharmaceuticals. Table 2.24 displays some examples for industrialized countries. The use of bottles and other containers depends on several growing markets, for example ... 

In this volume procedures are documented for selective oxidations and reductions that represent the advances in these fields since Volume 1 of this series was published (in 2002). This introduction highlights some examples from the literature that demonstrates the needs of industry and identifies how some of these requirements were met and illustrates a number of the challenging problems that are still to be overcome. 

We will start by introducing a relatively simple integrated example from industry to illustrate what this means. This example will be followed by a number of industrial problems in separate sections. In this chapter we will explain and model each industrial problem and we will develop strategies for a numerical solution. However, explicit solutions and MATLAB codes for these problems will be left to the reader throughout this chapter as exercises. We hope that we have given the necessary tools in the previous chapters to enable our readers to solve these industrial problems. Some results for the industrial problems of this chapter will be included so that the reader can check his or her own results. However, we emphasize that actual industrial problems take much effort, perseverance and labor for anyone who models and solves them. 

Nevertheless, two key questions remain Which sample should be analysed and which process conditions should be explored In order to give some hints on these important points, several typical examples from industrial practice are reviewed in the following subsections. In a first subsection, a choice of typical samples to be analysed is shown. In the next sub-sections, credible process deviations will be reviewed and experimental techniques are presented in further sections. 

Immobilized enzymes are mainly used in the production of fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals, because currently they cannot compete economically with conventional catalysts in the bulk chemical industry. Here, we will focus only on some examples from the following areas basic chemicals, fine chemicals, food industry and crop protection intermediates. 

These processes are shown schematically in Figure 5-38. We will now discuss these effects in more detail and examine some examples from the chemical industry. 

In Table 5.3-3 some examples of industrial processes of chemical absorption are listed. These processes are often used for the separation of acidic compounds from... 

While there is certainly no final answer to these questions, I would like to present my very personal point of view. Shortly, I will introduce you to some general features of polymer synthesis that should be considered particularly relevant at this point. These will be followed by some examples (from both BASF and third parties) that most likely represent only three of a large number of fascinating stories to tell regarding polymer synthesis. I will also summarize how interaction between the individual players in this field - whether large industrial groups, small companies, universities, and other research institutes - can interact for their mutual benefit. Of course, it should be noted that this is a quite subjective selection - others might come to rather different conclusions ... 

The article compares recent sociological studies of environmental inspectors, and the current state of regulations related to industrial activities in France. It gives also some examples from other countries, which are similar to the French situation. It addresses the question of whether safety imperatives can be negotiated. 

Some polymers from styrene derivatives seem to meet specific market demands and to have the potential to become commercially significant materials. For example, monomeric chlorostyrene is useful in glass-reinforced polyester recipes because it polymerizes several times as fast as styrene (61). Poly(sodium styrenesulfonate) [9003-59-2] a versatile water-soluble polymer, is used in water-poUution control and as a general flocculant (see Water, INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT FLOCCULATING AGENTs) (63,64). Poly(vinylhenzyl ammonium chloride) [70304-37-9] h.a.s been useful as an electroconductive resin (see Electrically conductive polya rs) (65). 

The purpose of open unidirectional airflow benches is to protect products from particulate contaminants by creating a controlled environment. These benches are used, for example, in electronic, biological, pharmaceutical, and food industries. It should be mentioned that within pharmaceutical production, aseptic sterile processes must be carried out in a Class 100 environment (U.S. Federal Standard 209 E, Airborne Particulate Cleanliness Classes in Cleanrooms and Clean Zones). To avoid particle contamination in the bench, horizontal or vertical airflow with high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA)-filtered air is used. The air velocity is normally 0.4-0.5 ra s". Some examples of typical arrangements of open unidirectional airflow benches are shown in Fig. 10.51. 

This section shows some examples of the use of model experiments. The examples cover the range from natural ventilation of buildings, comfort ventilation of an exhibition hall, to local ventilation in industrial areas. 

Case study 5 provides an example from the offshore oil and gas production industry, and illustrates the fact that in solving a specific practical problem, a practitioner will utilize a wide variety of formal and informal methods. Table 7.1, which describes some of the methods used in the study, includes several techniques discussed in Chapter 4, including interviews, critical incident techniques, walk-throughs and task analysis. 

The supply of water is usually limited and requires the use of a cooling tower. Other possibilities are worth investigation for example, in the food industries, large quantities of water are used for processing the product, and this could be passed first through the condensers if precautions are taken to avoid contamination. Also, where ground water is present, it could be taken from a borehole and afterwards returned to the ground at some distance from the suction. In both... 

The relevant legislation for tanneries regarding the use of chemicals can be found both in legislation regarding environmental permits for the industrial installations which in some cases addresses substitution of chemicals. One example of this is the EU Industrial Emissions Directive [4] which regulates emissions from industrial installation within the EU. One key aspect in this directive is how problematic chemicals should be substituted to more environmentally friendly alternatives by tanneries. 

---