Somatic embryogenesis

A. Zamarripa and co-workers, "Mass Propagation of Coffea spp. by Somatic Embryogenesis in Liquid Medium," in Ref. 40. 

Abdullah, R., Cocking, E.C. Thompson, J.A. (1986). Efficient plant regeneration from rice protoplasts through somatic embryogenesis. Biol Technology, 4, 1087-90. 

Shah, K., Russinova, E., Gadella, T. W., Jr., Willemse, J. and De Vries, S. C. (2002). The Arabidopsis kinase-associated protein phosphatase controls internalization of the somatic embryogenesis receptor kinase 1. Genes Dev. 16,1707-20. 

Cook DA, Brown A III. Somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis in okra (Abel-moschus esculentus L. Moench.) Somatic Embryogenesis and Synthetic Seed 1995 31 164-169. 

Synthetic seed is an alternative to TPS that would avoid the need to develop parents that generate uniform hybrids. Hence there is currently renewed interest in somatic embryogenesis in potato, and sufficient progress has been made for serious consideration to be given to exploiting S5mthetic potato seed, as seen in the review by Veilleux (2005). 

Shoyama, Y., I. Nishioka, and K. Hatano. 1991. Aconitum spp. (monkshood) somatic embryogenesis, plantregeneration, and the production of aconitine and other alkaloids. In Bajaj, Y. P. S. (ed.). Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry 15. Medicinal and Aromatic plants III. Springer-Verlag. New York. p. 58-72. 

Eapen, S., and George, L. (1989). High frequency plant regeneration through somatic embryogenesis in finger millet (Eleusine Coracana Gaertn). Plant Sci. 61,127-130. 

Cell line selection is one of the traditional and effective approaches to enhancing metabolite accumulation, and biochemical studies provide the fundamental information for the intentional regulation of secondary metabolism in plant cells. In a carrot suspension culture regulated by 2,4-dichlorophenoxyace-tic acid, Ozeki et al. [7] found that there was a correlation between anthocyanin synthesis and morphological differentiation for somatic embryogenesis they also demonstrated the induction and repression of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and chalcone synthase correlated with formation of the respective mRNAs. Two biosynthetic enzymes, i. e., PAL and 3-hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase, were also related with shikonin formation in Lithospermum erythro-rhizon cultures [8]. 

Finer, J.J., Direct somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from immature embryos of hybrid sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.) on a high sucrose-containing medium, Plant Cell Rep., 6, 372-374, 1987. 

Successful growth and propagation of plant cells freely suspended in liquid media was first demonstrated almost 50 years ago (11-13). Much attention has been focused since on elucidating the necessary media components that support growth and differentiation of the culture. The role of growth regulators was pointed out in 1957 (14) and the process of somatic embryogenesis was realized in... 

Ek-Ramos, M.J., Racagni-Di Palma, G., and Hemandez-Sotomayor, S.M.T., 2003, Changes in phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol monophosphate kinase activities during the induction of somatic embryogenesis in Coffea arabica. Physiol. Plant. 119 270-277. 

P, Kutchan T. Transformation of opium poppy with antisense 74. berberine bridge enzyme gene via somatic embryogenesis results in an altered ratio of alkaloids in latex but not in roots. Transgenic Res. 2004 13 607-613. 75. 

Tissue culture of saffron including somatic embryogenesis and shoot regeneration has been first reported by George et al [105], Induction of crocin, crocetin, picrocrocin and safranal synthesis in callus cultures of saffron-Oocws sativus L has been reported by Visvanath et al [106]. Callus cultures were obtained from floral buds on Murashige and Skoog s medium supplemented with 3% sucrose, 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid... 

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of Che process of somatic embryogenesis.

Delivery of somatic embryos to a field situation requires that at least three major problems associated with somatic embryogenesis be solved (Figure 2). The first problem is reliable culture control to differentiate synchronous populations of somatic embryos at a high frequency. Some species such as carrot (9), celery (10), alfalfa... 

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