Solvents nitroparaffins

Cements of 20-35% total solids are easily obtainable in methyl ethyl ketone and chlorinated solvents. Nitroparaffins may be used as solvents when highly concentrated cements (up to 50% total solids) are desired. (In general, the more concentrated the nitrile rubber ce-... 

The lower nitroparaffins are used as propellants, as solvents and as chemical intermediates, e.g. nilromethane is an excellent solvent for polar materials especially metal salts. 

Most organic compounds, including aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, esters, ketones, ethers, and carboxyUc acids are miscible with nitroparaffins, whereas alkanes and cycloalkanes have limited solubiUty. The lower nitroparaffins are excellent solvents for coating materials, waxes, resins, gums, and dyes. 

Toxicology. The nitroparaffins have minimal effects by way of actual contact. There were neither systemic effects nor irritation in dermal studies in rabbits. Human exposure of a prolonged or often-repeated nature has led to low grade irritation attributable to removal of oil from the skin, an effect produced by most organic solvents. Eye irritation potential of all four nitroparaffins has been deterrnined in rabbits. Other than a transient slight redness and some lachrymation, no effects were noted. The average Draize score was 0.0. The acute oral toxicity, LD q, of all four nitroparaffins has been deterrnined in the rat (Table 8). 

Though less important economically, solvent usage consumes a larger portion of the 1-nitropropane production than is consumed of the other nitroparaffins for this use. In particular, a blend of nitroethane and 1-nitropropane has been developed which is useful as an additive for improved coatings performance (116). 

Solubility. One of PVP s more outstanding attributes is its solubility in both water and a variety of organic solvents. PVP is soluble in alcohols, acids, ethyl lactate, chlorinated hydrocarbons, amines, glycols, lactams, and nitroparaffins. SolubiUty means a minimum of 10 wt % PVP dissolves at room temperature (moisture content of PVP can influence solubiUty). PVP is insoluble in hydrocarbons, ethers, ethyl acetate, j -butyl-4-acetate, 2-butanone, acetone, cyclohexanone, and chlorobenzene. Both solvent polarity and H-bonding strongly influence solubiUty (77). 

Solvents. NBRs are soluble in aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons, ketones, esters and nitroparaffin compounds. Solvents with high evaporation rate are acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, chloroform and ethyl acetate, among others. Solvents with slow evaporation rate are nitromethane, dichloropentenes, chloro-toluene, butyl acetate and methyl isobutyl ketone. 

Paraffins react with nitric acid at high temperatures to form a mixture of nitroparaffins which find use as solvents. 

Nitroparaffin Data Sheet TDS 1 New York, Comm. Solvents Corp., 1965... 

Nitroparaffins, TDS1, New York, Commercial Solvents Corp.,1968... 

Archer, W.L. (1996) Industrial Solvents Handbook, Chap. 17 Nitroparaffins, NY, Marcel Dekker, pp. 267-282... 

The graph concerns cellulose trinitrate and aliphatic solvents including alcohols, ketones, esters, nitroparaffins, chloroderivatives of hydrocarbons. The liquids are ranged in respect of their fi2/s values and of surface tension a. 

Commercial Solvents Corp Process of Gelling TMETN Nitrocellulose Explosives Using Nitroparaffin Solvents and TMETN Nitrocellulose Explosive Gels... 

Commercial Solvents Corporation Thickened Aqueous Inorganic Nitrate Salt-Nitroparaffin Explosive Composition Sensitized with an Air Entrapping Material... 

The yield of radiolysis products depends strongly on the presence of an aqueous phase in the system, and on its composition. The presence of water and nitric acid in the solvent produces additional free radicals by radiolysis (14, 302, 303), leading to functionalized compounds of extractants and diluents (304). In the case of alkanes, specific compounds like nitroparaffins, alcohols, hydroxamic acids, and nitronic acids have been identified (21, 43, 51). Taharaoui and Morris have summarized the results published in this held (79). 

Several nitrate paraffins (e.g., nitromethane, nitroethane and nitropropane) are used as solvents for cellulosic resins and for vinyl and epoxy surface coatings. Nitromethane is also used as a chlorinated solvent stabilizer. It is estimated that the annual consumption of nitric acid for nitroparaffin production is in the 30,000 tonne per year range. 

Komblum and his co-workers [188, 188a] have recently improved the method used for the preparation of nitroparaffins with longer aliphatic chain (over C8). They reacted an alkyl chloride with sodium nitrite in the solvent (dimethylform-amide) for several hours at low temperature, obtaining a homogeneous solution ... 

Shriner and Young tried to explain this behaviour of nitroparaffins by postulating the normal structure of anion stabilized by combination with the solvent, e.g. ethanol, through a hydrogen bond (IV) ... 

Bayliss, N.S. and Wills-Johnson G., Solvent effects on the intensities and weak ultraviolet spectra of ketones and nitroparaffins -1. Spectrochim. Acta (1968) 24A 551-661. 

Less-expensive preparations, in terms of materials, have involved reactions between phosphorus(III) chloride and lithium cyanate, in benzene,3 or sodium and potassium cyanates in polar solvents such as nitriles, ketones, nitroparaffins, and esters.4 Liquid sulfur dioxide has also been found useful as a solvent for reaction between phosphorus(III) chloride and sodium cyanate.6... 

The contributions made by these pathways in proton transfer between amines and their conjugate acids have been determined [193] and the results are shown in Table 13. The rate coefficient kt refers to the direct proton transfer mechanism and k2 is for proton transfer through a solvent bridge. The available evidence for carbon acids suggests that proton transfer occurs directly between acid and base and an intervening solvent molecule is not involved [123,194]. This evidence is mostly based on the magnitude of the solvent isotope effect, and results for reactions involving nitroparaffins, acetals, and diazocompounds have been reviewed [123]. In a different approach to this question, the rate expression for the acid catalysed decomposition of ethyl vinyl ether in water/dimethyl-sulphoxide was measured [195] and shown to consist of two terms (111). 

Alkyl halides are common alkylating agents in this reaction. Benzene is converted to toluene at atmospheric pressure by methyl chloride in the presence of aluminum chloride. Nitroparaffins have been used as solvents for the aluminum chloride catalyst. An amalgamated aluminum Catalyst is more effective than aluminum chloride in certain alkylations by alkyl chlorides. Boron trifluoride must be accompanied by water, alcohol, or some other polar compound in order to be effective in similar alkylations. Hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, ferric chloride, and beryllium chloride also have been used as catalysts. 

CA 72, 57361) (1970) [Gelling polyol poly-nitrate—NC expls prepd hy using nitroparaffin solvents. Polynitrates (I) were not good solvents for NC (11) and, as such, were not ca-... 

Nitrane [Grace], TM for industrial chemicals, mainly nitroparaffin solvents. 

Nitroparaffins are effective vinyl solvents. The solubility characteristics of 2-nitropropane are shown in Figures 20 and 21. Toluene and xylene are true solvents for only the most soluble copolymers and terpolymers. These polymers are represented by the carboxyl containing terpolymer (Figure 12), the high solubility copolymers (VC-TFCE copolymer) (Figure 14), and a non-vinyl acetate containing copolymer (Figure 13). Heat had to be applied to the last polymer to obtain complete solution. 

Ketones are true solvents for vinyl resins with the solution resin system. The solvent power of the solvent will depend upon many properties of the volatile, including molecular weight and chemical configuration. Depending upon the solubility of the resin, various volatiles such as acetates, nitroparaffins, etc., may be considered primary solvents. 

Thfe n 77 bands of nitroparaffins do not possess any fine structure even in nonpolar solvents, but exhibit solvent blue-shifts in polar solvents, though not comparable to the carbonyl derivatives in magnitude (Table 3.8). 

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