Solvent with trichloroethylene

Common gases such as oxides of carbon and nitrogen, hydrogen sulphide, and inert gases. Liquids which pose a health hazard due to volatilization, e.g. mercury and degreasing with chlorinated solvent, i.e. dry cleaning with perchloroethylene or metal cleaning with trichloroethylene. 

Respiratory Effects. One study suggested increased respiratory disorders (asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia) in children with chronic exposure to a solvent-contaminated water supply (Byers et al. 1988). Two municipal wells in eastern Woburn, Massachusetts, were found to contain several solvents including trichloroethylene (267 ppb) and tetrachloroethylene (21 ppb). The increased susceptibility to infection may be secondary to effects on the immune system. Accurate chemical-specific exposure levels for individuals could not be determined because the water distribution system was designed to use water from different wells at different rates and times. Other limitations of this study are described in Section 2.2.2.8. 

Reproductive Toxicity. Increased miscarriages were reported in one study of nurse-anesthetists exposed to trichloroethylene and other solvents (Corbett et al. 1974). A retrospective case-control study has should an approximate 3-fold increase in spontaneous abortion in women exposed to trichloroethylene and other solvents (Windham et al. 1991). Significant effects on sperm parameters were not observed in men occupationally exposed to trichloroethylene (Rasmussen et al. 1988). Adverse reproductive effects were not noted in humans that ingested water contaminated with trichloroethylene and other solvents (Byers et al. 

Trichloroethylene is an excellent extraction solvent for greases, oils, fats, waxes, and tars and is used by the textile processing industry to scour cotton, wool, and other fabrics (lARC 1979 Kuney 1986 Verschueren 1983). The textile industry also uses trichloroethylene as a solvent in waterless dying and finishing operations (McNeill 1979). As a general solvent or as a component of solvent blends, trichloroethylene is used with adhesives, lubricants, paints, varnishes, paint strippers, pesticides, and cold metal cleaners (Hawley 1981 lARC 1979 McNeill 1979). 

An emulsion, formed during extraction of a strongly alkaline liquor with trichloroethylene, decomposed with evolution of the spontaneously flammable gas, dichloro-acetylene [1]. This reaction could also occur if alkaline metal-stripping preparations were used in conjunction with trichloroethylene degreasing preparations, some of which also contain amines as inhibitors, which could also cause the same reaction [2], Apparently accidental contact of the solvent with potassium hydroxide solution led to generation of flames in the charging port of a stirred reactor [3], See Tetrachloroethylene Sodium hydroxide... 

Many of the bisbenzocyclobutene polymers are relatively unaffected by organic solvents and aqueous media. In Table 11 are shown some of the results which were obtained in a solvent pick-up study carried out on the bisbenzocyclobutene polyester 40 [2]. Of all of the solvents, only trichloroethylene and methyl ethyl ketone were absorbed to any significant extent at 70 °C over the four-week course of the experiment. None of the polymer samples dissolved in the solvents that were tested and only a slight swelling was observed with those liquids which were significantly absorbed. The small effect of aqueous sodium hydroxide on the bisbenzocyclobutene polyester is deserving of note since a control sample of a commercial polyimide (Vespel ) dissolved completely in two days under the conditions of this test. 

Caffeine has been isolated from waste tea and from the decaffeiniza-tion of coffee by extraction at 70°C, using rotating countercurrent drums and an organic solvent, frequently trichloroethylene. The solvent is drained off, and the beans steamed to remove residual solvent. The extraction solvent is evaporated, and the caffeine is hot-water-extracted from the wax, decolorized with carbon, and recrystallized. 

Trichloroethylene is a solvent with an odor threshold of 0.5 mg L-1. It is classified by the EPA as a probable human carcinogen (Group B2). 

Lucite and Plexiglas (polymethyl methacrylate as marketed by du Pont and by Rohm and Haas, respectively) and polystyrene are transparent thermoplastic materials. Their machinability is fairly good but somewhat limited by their thermoplasticity. They are strongly attacked by solvents such as acetone. They can be cemented with solvents alone (trichloroethylene) or with such cements as Duco. Over long periods cracks may develop at points of strain, and discoloration may result from prolonged exposure to strong light. 

The serious experimenter may wish to try replacing the chloroform solvent with 1,1,1-trichloroethylene. This very cheap solvent can be found in hardware stores, and has solubility characteristics similar to... 

It must be emphasized that any apparatus that has been degreased with trichloroethylene, or any other of the above-mentioned compounds, should be carefully dried to remove the solvent before exposure to pentaborane(9). 

Sato A, Endoh K, Kaneko T, Johanson G. Effects of consumption of ethanol on die biological monitoring of ejqiosure to organic solvent vapours a simulation stucty with trichloroethylene. BrJIndMed (1991) 48, 548-56. 

Provided the user does not irretrievably contaminate the solvent, e.g. by mixing flammable cyclohexane with trichloroethylene, any chlorinated solvent that has been used for degreasing and not lost by evaporation can be recovered. In Sweden the distributors of trichloroethylene are required by law to supply a removal service, in both bulk tankers and drums, which are bulked together and removed by sea for recovery annually. 

Chemically, OXSOL 2000 is alpha, alpha, alpha-trifluorotoluene, an HFC. OXSOL 2000 has a number of desirable properties for precision cleaning, electronics cleaning, aerosol applications, and wipe cleaning. It is a pure compound, with a relatively fast evaporation rate and toluene-like odor. In its pure form, OXSOL 2000 is a good replacement for hexane, toluene, and VM P naphtha where a rapid evaporation rate is desirable and a flammable solvent can be used safely. In addition, OXSOL 2000 can be blended with classical solvents like trichloroethylene yielding non-flammable, very fast evaporating compositions. 

Research was conducted in an industrial hall where an ALDI maehine was used for degreasing with trichloroethylene vapor. The volume of the solvent was 1000 dm, the surface area was 0.825 m (110 em by 75 cm). A metal basket with degreased parts was intro-... 

Ethanol Ethanol (OES 1000 ppm 8h TWA) has well-known effects on the CNS and can cause irritation. Although metabolised to acetaldehyde and acetate, ethanol appears to have little ability to cause chronic toxic effects at exposure levels likely to be encountered in reasonable industrial and laboratory use. It should be noted that ethanol may compete with other substances present in the workplace atmosphere for the oxidative enzyme systems involved in this metabolism, thereby inhibiting their metabolism or excretion and increasing their toxic effects. This may occur with a number of solvents including trichloroethylene, xylene, benzene and dimethylformamide. The presence of denaturants (e.g. methanol, pyridines) greatly increases the toxicity of ethanol by ingestion and may also present a hazard by the inhalation route. 

As an example from Table 6.1, trichloroethylene, one of the longer lived solvents with a lifetime of 7.7 days, is used on a significant scale. Other major solvents have even shorter lifetimes and also do not accumulate in the atmosphere. As can be seen, even for trichloroethylene, the ambient air concentration is more than 3 orders of magnitude lower than the workplace recommendation. Similar or greater safety margins for other solvents would be expected. 

With regard to the solvents, toluene, trichloroethylene, dichloromethane and tetrachlo-roethylene are generally able to satisfactorily dissolve the styrene butadiene styrene (SBS) modified binders. Toluene, trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene are sometimes suitable for ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)-modified binders. Dichloromethane is generally not suitable for EVA-modified binders. Few solvents have been found to be suitable to dissolve atactic polypropylene (APP)-modified binders completely the best solubility with such a modifier is obtained with hot xylene. 

An amorphous polymer, PMMA has a solubility parameter of about 18.8 MPaX and is soluble in a number of solvents with similar solubility parameters. Solvents include ethyl acetate (8 18.6 MPa)0, ethylene dichloride (8 20.0 MPa, trichloroethylene (8 19 MPaX), chloroform (8 19 MPa>0, and toluene (8 20 MPaX). The polymer is attacked by mineral acids but is resistant to alkalis, water and most aqueous inorganic salt solutions. A number of organic materials although not solvents may cause crazing and cracking (e.g. aliphatic alcohols). 

Of the solvent systems, trichloroethylene is the most efficient. The inserts are first tumbled in the solvent to remove the majority of the organic contaminants. To obtain a surface that is free from oils and grease, a vapour phase degrease is then used. When the inserts are flooded with vapour, the solvent immediately begins to condense on the insert surface and then run off, carrying with it in solution the last traces of organic contaminants. The volume of condensate, per insert, depends on ... 

It should be noted that finely divided aluminium and magnesium alloy dust, produced when tumbling castings and machined components of the metals, can react with halogenated solvents with considerable violence. Grades of trichloroethylene are available that are stabilised for use with aluminium. 

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