Synthesis solvents

Supported metal carbonyl clusters are alternatively formed from mononuclear metal complexes by surface-mediated synthesis [5,13] examples are [HIr4(CO)ii] formed from Ir(CO)2(acac) on MgO and Rh CCOlie formed from Rh(CO)2(acac) on y-Al203 [5,12,13]. These syntheses are carried out in the presence of gas-phase CO and in the absence of solvents. Synthesis of metal carbonyl clusters on oxide supports apparently often involves hydroxyl groups or water on the support surface analogous chemistry occurs in solution [ 14]. A synthesis from a mononuclear metal complex precursor is usually characterized by a yield less than that attained as a result of simple adsorption of a preformed metal cluster, and consequently the latter precursors are preferred when the goal is a high yield of the cluster on the support an exception is made when the clusters do not fit into the pores of the support (e.g., a zeolite), and a smaller precursor is needed. 

Texier-Boullet, F. and Foucaud, A., A convenient synthesis of dialkyl 1-hy-droxyalkanephosphonates using potassium or cesium fluoride without solvent, Synthesis, 165, 1982. 

Uses. Solvent synthesis of dyes, pharmaceuticals, and synthetic rubber compounds... 

Separation processes (both liquid-liquid and gas-liquid) are a key element in many industrial processes. For this application, solvent molecules are built from UNIFAC submolecular groups, and the relevant properties of the new molecules such as distribution coefficients and selectivities are estimated. Strategies for the design of solvents for separation processes were initially formulated and later extended to better model the processes of solvent synthesis, solvent evaluation, and solvent screening. A method for solvent design for liquid-liquid extraction has been developed. 

Ballini, R., Petrini, M., Rosini, G., and Sorrenti, P. 1985. A convenient synthesis of l-(2-furyl)-2-nitroaIk-l-enes on alumina surface without solvent. Synthesis, 5 515-7. 

Metal Alkoxides in Inert Organic Solvent Synthesis... 

Metal-containing compound Solvent Synthesis temperature, °C... 

Nonaqueous solvent synthesis systems were used for silica or other composition (e.g., transition metal oxides,[26] sulfide mesophase[26]). 

Li RX (2004) Green solvents-synthesis and application of ionic liquids. Chemical Industry Engineering Press, Beijing (in Chinese)... 

N-Alkylations. Smooth alkylation of pyrrole without solvent, synthesis of... 

Polymer Synthesis using Hydrofluorocarbon Solvents Synthesis of Cross-Linked Polymer Microspheres by Dispersion Polymerization in R134a... 

Penicillin Formation by Penicillium Chrysogenum. The first reactions of the penicillin biosynthetic pathway are identical to the ones in A. chrysogenum (Figure 1.1-1). IPN, however, is not epimerized to penicillin N instead it is converted to 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA) by removal of the L-a-aminoadipic acid side chain, which is substituted by a hydrophobic acyl group. Both steps are catalyzed by the same enzyme, the acyl coenzyme A IPN acyltransferase (IAT). The enzymatic activity of lAT is believed to be the result of the processing of a 40-kD monomeric precursor into a dimeric form consisting of two subunits with MWs of 11 and 29 kD. Due to the broad substrate specifity of lAT, various penicillin derivatives are synthesized naturally by attachment of different acyl-CoA derivatives to the 6-APA-core. For industrial purposes, to facilitate extraction by organic solvents, synthesis usually is directed to the less hydrophilic penicillin V or penicillin G. This is by addition of phenoxyacetic acid or phenylacetic acid, respectively, as precursors to the culture broth. 

Kaupp et al. described that the 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds such as 1,3-cyclohex-anedione, dimedone, and dehydracetic acid reacted in the solid state with aniline derivatives to obtain enamine ketones 250 and 252 in quantitative yields (Scheme 3.66) [18]. Advantages over the solvent synthesis were identified it is unnecessary to use acid catalysis, solvents, or liquid phases. A further benefit of avoiding iminiiim salt intermediates in such synthesis is the lack of workup requirements. 

Environmental Pollutant prevent entry into sewers, water, wastewater, soil Precaution Flamm. liq. may dec. on exposure to moist air or water may form explosive mixts. with air vapors heavier than air incompat. with oxidizing agents, bases, acids Hazardous Decomp. Prods. CO, CO2 emits toxic fumes under fire conditions Storage Moisture-sensitive store 15-25 C in cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from heat, open flame keep tightly closed Uses Solvent synthesis Manuf./Distrib. Aldrich http //www.sigma-aldrich.com-, Hof men Int l. http //WWW. hofmeninternational. com, I nterchi m http //www.interchim.com, Merck KGaA http //www.merck.de... 

Different radical initiator systems (r.i.s.) and different VAc/r.i.s. ratios were tested. In the presence of K2S2O8 used in the same molecular ratio as reported for the organic solvent synthesis (0.15 mmol r.i.s./10.8 mmol VAc), a yellow copolymer was obtained. The solid, recovered after solvent distillation and washed with -pentane, contained 60% of the initial linseed oil bonded to polymer chains. 

From a theoretical point of view, the understanding of chalcogenide nanoparticles, particularly that of Ru Se, whose stoichiometry, from the solvent synthesis, always led to x 2 and Se 1, requires (semi-) infinitely extended surfaces and a thermodynamic equilibrium. This length and time scale allowed obtaining some interesting information about the particle environmental conditions using DFT calculations [31]. Indeed, under the condition > ) ru + 2/tsg, the... 

Zhong, Z. Dijkstra, P. J. Feijen, J. [(salen)Al]-Mediated, controlled and stereoselective ring-opening polymerization of lactide in solution and without solvent Synthesis of highly isotactic polylactide stereocopolymers from racemic D,L-lactide. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed, Engl. 2002,41,4510-4513. 

Ma-OA oleic add 0.15 9 Free solvent synthesis Durdureanu-Anghduta et al.. 

K-I Fujita, Yamaguchi R, Mingwen Z et al (2009) A new atom-economical and selective synthesis of secondary and tertiary alkylamines by means of Cp iridium complex catalyzed multiple N-alkylation of auunonium salts with alcohols without solvent. Synthesis 2009(07) 1220-1223... 

Most of these radical polymerizations proceeded very rapidly and the yields of the polymerization were very high even though the vinyl monomers contained pyrimidine or purine bases. As these PNAs did not contain sugar rings or hydrophilic groups, most of them were insoluble in water. Their properties were therefore investigated mainly in organic solvents. Synthesis of the monomer and the polymerizations were well summarized in the reviews [2, 3]. 

Morton, D. R. Gravestock, M. B. Parry, R. J. Johnson, W. S. Acetylenic Bond Participation in Biogenetic-Like Olefinic Cyclizationos in Nitroalkane Solvents. Synthesis of the 17-Hydroxy-53-pregnan-2-one System J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1973, 95, 4418-4419. 

Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Organic Solvents Synthesis, Formation, Assembly and Applications, Springer, London. 

J.I. Garcia, H. Garcia-Marin, E. Pires, Glycerol based solvents synthesis, properties and applications. Green Chem. 16 (2014) 1007-1033. 

D. Villemin, B. Mostefa-Kara, N. Bar, N. Choukchou-Braham, N. Cheikh, A. Benmeddah, H. Hazimeh, C. Ziani-Cherif, Base-promoted reactions in ionic liquid solvent synthesis of butenolides, Lett. Org. Chem. 3 (2006) 558-559. 

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