Solvent creatinine

The urine samples were analyzed using a modified version of a published method.8 The method involved fortification of the urine samples with an internal standard 3,4,5-trichloro-2-pyridinyl, which is a structural isomer of the 3,5,6-TCP metabolite of chlorpyrifos hydrolysis of labile acid conjugates to 3,5,6-TCP solvent extraction derivitization to the f-butyl-dimethylsilyl ester of 3,5,6-TCP and subsequent negative-ion chemical ionization gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. Creatinine was determined in urine using a modification of a method of Fabiny and Erting-shausen.9... 

Knoevenagel condensation reaction of creatinine with aldehydes occurs rapidly under solvent-free reaction conditions at 160-170 °C using focused microwave irradiation (Scheme 6.18) [66],... 

Imino derivatives 61 were obtained directly from 3-formylchromone [36] 59 and creatinine [37] 60, with DM SO as solvent and boric acid as catalyst, and with micro-wave irradiation and classical heating (Tab. 8.4). The authors have also investigated the preparation of the 2-thioxo-5-imidazolidin-4-ones 63 from thiohydantoin 62 in... 

Alan Smith was a 58 year old who suffered chemical bums to 35% of his body following exposure to a phenol-containing industrial solvent. He was admitted to hospital for treatment of the burns and observation. Concerns arose, when despite intravenous fluids, he failed to pass urine and plasma concentrations of urea and creatinine began to rise. 

H NMR spectroscopy has also been used, in conjunction with standard clinical biochemical analyses, to monitor renal function in an unusual case of phenol poisoning." A 41-year-old man fell into a shallow vat containing 40% phenol in dichloromethane, at his place of work. He did not ingest any solvent and was partially immersed for only a few seconds. However, he was found collapsed and badly burned in the nearby shower unit. Subsequently, his plasma creatinine levels began to rise, and he did not pass urine. This acute renal failure was treated by haemodialysis and the i.v. administration... 

Microwave-assisted Reactions in Solvents 465 Tab. 10.3. Condensation of 3-formylchromones 13 with creatinine 14 and thiohydantoin 16. 

Systemic Effects. There is very little information on the health effects of Stoddard solvent in either humans or animals. There was a lack of gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, hepatic, and renal effects in a laboratory experiment in humans exposed to 610 mg/m of Stoddard solvent in the air for 6 hours (Pedersen and Cohr 1984a). Possible indications of musculoskeletal effects were noted, however, as increased creatinine kinase levels after an exposure to 616 mg/m of vaporized white spirits (99% alkanes, no aromatics) (Pedersen and Cohr 1984b). 

B. Other useful laboratory studies include electrolytes, glucose, BUN, creatinine, liver transaminases, arterial blood gases or oximetry, ECG monitoring, and chest x-ray (if pulmonary edema or aspiration of hydrocarbon solvent is suspected). 

An 1,8-naphthyridine q-aminonitrile moiety serves both as an effective donor-acceptor array for complexation of creatinine and as an intrinsic chromophore and fluorophore. In the pH range of 4.1-4.6 the monoprotonated form apparently predominates in 70 % aqueous methanol, producing the absorption spectrum shown in Figure 14. Under these conditions creatinine exists as a mixture of protonated and unprotonated forms, since its pK is approximately 4.2 in this solvent mixture. Such proton-transfer equilibria complicate the calculation of specific stability constants, but under buffered conditions absorption and emission changes result only from complexation, not from proton transfer. As shown in Figure 14, addition of creatinine to a buffered solution decreases the intensity of the 442 nm absorption band attributed to the protonated receptor. Creatinine complexation also quenches the yellow-green fluorescence of the protonated receptor and titration experiments in progress may yield the effective stability constant of the complex. This receptor exemplifies the manner in which intrinsic chromophores and fluorophores may be incorporated into hosts for reversible complexation of clinically important analytes (26). 

Active immobilized enzymes for the transformation of steroid in water-organic solvent systems Study of properties of the active immobilized enzyme Active immobilized enzyme Development of a nylon tube reactor for the analytical determination of creatinine and creatine... 

There seem to be no increased risk for cardiovascular diseases according to some studies of paint industry workers. Nevertheless, effects of solvents on muscles and vessels could be shown (e.g., increased serum creatinine levels). ... 

Exposure to styrene is the main occupational hygiene problem in reinforced plastics industry, where it is used as a crosslinking agent and solvent in unsaturated polyester resins. In addition, workers are exposed to acetone which is used as a clean-up solvent. Other solvents, such as methylene chloride, toluene, xylene, heptane (TLV 400 ppm, the Finnish OEL 300 ppm), methylcyclohexane (TLV and the Finnish OEL 400 ppm), and butyl acetate (TLV and the Finnish OEL 150 ppm) may also be used. Styrene is neurotoxic. Styrene is also a suspected carcinogen because it is metabolized via styrene-7,8-oxide. The TLV and the Finnish OEL of styrene is 20 ppm. Urinary mandelic acid concentration is the most common biological monitoring method for styrene. The ACGIH BEI is 800 mg/g creatinine and the FIOH BEI 3.2 mmol/1. 

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