Node, constrained

Note Node numbers correspond to those on the chronogram (Figure 17.1). Point estimates are from analyses of the all-compatible majority rule consensus tree and posterior probability values are rep ted. The Mode value represents the most likely divergence lime value under the specified model (obtained by local density estimation calculated over the 100 random frees drawn from the posterior distribution of trees and parameters), and the HPD values limits the confidence interval for the estimates. ( node constrained j age estimates show bimodal distribution across the 100 random trees > age distribution with a pronounced right tail across the 100 random frees)... 

Two of the nodes constrained, the split between Euphyllophytes and lycopsids (90% posterior probability) and lycopsid crown group (90% posterior probability), were not well supported in our phylogenetic analyses (Figure 17.1). Consequently, these nodes were constrained only on the sampled trees where they occurred. 

When the stmts constrain all the nodes so there is no relative motion, we talk about the conhguration as a stmcture. When some motion is unconstrained or only very slightly constrained we discuss the conhguration as a mechanism or a hexural mechanism. 

A stmcture, dehned by a set of nodes and a set of stmts that interconnect the nodes, may be interconnected in a way that under-constrains the nodes, may determinately constrain the nodes or it may be overdetermined or indeterminate. 

Simple pressure/drag flow. Here we treat an idealization of the down-channel flow in a melt extruder, in which an incompressible viscous fluid constrained between two boundaries of infinite lateral extent (2). A positive pressure gradient is applied in the X-direction, and the upper boundary surface at y - H is displaced to the right at a velocity of u(H) - U this velocity is that of the barrel relative to the screw. This simple problem was solved by a 10x3 mesh of 4-node quadrilateral elements, as shown in Figure 1. 

Species concentration Capillary number Concentration of species a Computer aided design Concentration of species b Charge-coupled device Eluid specific heat Computational fluid dynamics Constrained-geometry catalyst Concentration at node i Concentration of species i Elux limiter Specific heat... 

The growing cell structure algorithm is a variant of a Kohonen network, so the GCS displays several similarities with the SOM. The most distinctive feature of the GCS is that the topology is self-adaptive, adjusting as the algorithm learns about classes in the data. So, unlike the SOM, in which the layout of nodes is regular and predefined, the GCS is not constrained in advance to a particular size of network or a certain lattice geometry. 

As the decision tree descends, the solution at each node becomes more and more constrained, until node r is reached, in which the upper bound and the lower bound for the number of compressors in each pipeline branch are the same. The solution at node r is feasible for the general problem but not necessarily optimal. Nevertheless, the important point is that the solution at node r is an upper bound on the solution of the general problem. 

In point of fact, not all N of the d> are unknown. For a node i that lies on a boundary where the potential is constrained to be 0 or 1, d> is set to that value from the outset. For simplicity it will be assumed that the first nodes are interior free nodes and... 

Figure 2.6 Nodal properties of standing waves. A one-dimensional oscillation (wave) constrained within a space of length L can have amplitudes (wavefunctions) of discrete wavelengths only. The open circles are the nodes where the amplitude is always zero...

The transition from desktop computing to embedded systems is associated with price, power and timing constrains. A special class embedded systems, termed distributed sensor networks (DSN), are characterized by extra requirements small size and sufficient battery lifetime. Distributed sensor networks can be alternatively labeled mobile ad-hoc networks (MANET). While the term DSN is associated with data acquisition applications, MANET emphasizes mobility and the lack of infrastructure. Distributed sensor networks can be scalable to thousands of nodes that cooperatively perform complex tasks. The interaction between the nodes is based on wireless communication [Kah 00, War 01, Hil 02], Wireless sensor networks (WSN) is yet another synonym. 

The nodes of a wireless sensor network can be broken down into two types energy unconstrained network stations and energy constrained sensor nodes. While many applications will only need one network station, the demand for sensor nodes may reach thousands [Bha 02],... 

In order to reduce the computational effort, without losing correspondence with the experimental counterparts, a slice of the specimen, 1.6 mm thick (1/4 of the real specimen thickness), is modelled. The out of plane displacements along the surfaces of the plate are constrained to avoid buckling. The computational mesh comprises 65365 nodes and 32482 10-node quadratic tetrahedrons. Fig. 5. The core is modeled using a uniform minimum mesh size of 0.8 mm the mesh coarsens in the steel layer, with one tetrahedral element aeross the thickness. The cohesive elements are adaptively inserted along previously eoherent interfaces when the local effective stress attains a eritieal value [6]. 

Figure 3.34 shows the PROGRES transformation for the example forward rule for a connection of Fig. 3.28 b). The left-hand side consists of the half link ( 2) and the respective dominant increment ( 1), as all other increments of this rule are context increments. In general, all non-context increments and their connecting edges are part of the left-hand side. The link node is further constrained by a condition that requires the attribute status of the link to have the value unchecked. This ensures that the transformation is only applied to half links that have not already been checked for possible rule applications. 

In clamped cubic splines, conditions 7 and 8 define the first derivatives at the exterior nodes, which are constrained to fixed values,/ (xi) and/ (x3) (Eq. (20.15)), that are known beforehand. In the absence of precise first derivative information at the exterior nodes, one generally chooses Eq. (20.15) or the natural spUne conditions ... 

From a geometric perspective, the physics of degree of freedom elimination is based upon the kinematic slavery that emanates from the use of the finite element as the central numerical engine of the method. An alternative view is that of constraint. By virtue of the use of finite element interpolation, vast numbers of the atomic-level degrees of freedom are constrained. The main point is that some subset of the full atomic set of degrees of freedom is targeted as the representative set of atoms, as shown in fig. 12.11. These atoms form the nodes in a finite element mesh, and the positions of any of the remaining atoms are found by finite element interpolation via... 

It is necessary to situate every cylinder in space. In the BDS cylinders are assigned to nodes, and two cylinders relative disposition is stored in an arc connecting their respective nodes. (In LISP both arcs and nodes are lists.) The arcs can establish a connection between a specified location on one cylinder (such as newel post j, end i) with another (such as bannister B, socket k.) Information on the nature of the connection, such as the relative orientation of the spines is included in the arc. In this case, the posts would also be constrained to be vertical in the laboratory (external) coordinates. 

Note from Figure 8.7a and b that by allowing negative compositions, the so-caUed reactive azeotrope can be predicted. If one were to be constrained by only positive compositions, the appearance of a node in the MBT, as shown in Figure 8.7b, would have been somewhat surprising. This illustration thus again affirms expanding the view of composition profiles to include those found outside the MBT. 

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