Solubility, highly efficient polymer

H Spreitzer, H Becker, E Kluge, W Kreuder, H Schenk, R Demandt, and H Schoo, Soluble phenyl-substituted PPVs — new materials for highly efficient polymer LEDs, Adv. Mater., 10 1340-1343, 1998. 

Jung JW, Lee JU, Jo WH (2009) High-efficiency polymer solar cells with water-soluble and self-doped conducting polyaniline graft copolymer as hole transport layer. J Phys Chem C 114 633... 

Spreitzer, H., H. Becker, E. Kluge, W. Kreuder, H. Schenk, R. Demandt, and H. Schoo. 1998. Soluble phenyl-substituted Ppvs-new materials for highly efficient polymer leds. AdvMater 10 (16) 1340-1343. 

Spreitzer, H., Becker, H., Kluge, E., Kreuter, W., Schenk, H., Schmidt, R. and Schoo, H., (1998), Soluble Phenyl-Substituted PPVs—New Materials for Highly Efficient Polymer LEDs. Ado. Mater. Vol.lO, 1340-1343. 

Most of water-soluble acrylamide polymers find practical applications as highly efficient flocculents for clarification and treatment of potable water and municipal and industrial effluents and in the mining, papermak-... 

However, the mechanism of action of filtration control additives is not yet completely understood. Examples are bentonite, latex, various organic polymers, and copolymers. Many additives for fluid loss are water-soluble polymers. Vinyl sulfonate fluid loss additives based on the 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-propane sulfonic acid (AMPS) monomer are in common use in field cementing operations [363]. The copolymerization of AMPS with conjugate monomers yields a fluid loss agent whose properties include minimal retardation, salt tolerance, high efficiency, thermal stability, and excellent solids support. 

Clearly, one option to reduce the add-on is to use high-efficiency size formulations. However, there is a limit to what can be achieved by this approach. Even if the add-on is reduced to only 5%, the pollution load is still substantial. The two main options to facilitate disposal are (a) recovery of size polymers and (b) biological effluent treatment. Recovery of size polymers, particularly from water-soluble synthetic sizes, is based on extraction washing using the minimum quantity of water. Recovery rates in the region of 50% have been quoted for polyfvinyl alcohol) and carboxymethylcellulose size formulations. It is necessary to apply one of three concentration techniques precipitation, condensation or ultrafiltration [205]. 

The use of enzymes as biocatalysts for the synthesis of water-soluble conducting polymers is simple, environmentally benign, and gives yields of over 90% due to the high efficiency of the enzyme catalyst. Since the use of an enzyme solution does not allow the recovery and reuse of the expensive enzyme, well-established strategies of enzyme immobilization onto solid supports have been applied to HRP [22-30]. A recent work reported an alternative method that allows the recycle and reuse of HRP in the biocatalytic synthesis of ICPs. The method is based on the use of a biphasic catalytic system in which the enzyme is encapsulated by simple solubilization into an IL. The main strategy consisted of encapsulating the HRP in room-temperature IPs insoluble in water, and the other components of the reaction... 

Especially high efficiency (93%) was found when copolymer containing 60 mol% of styrene units was used. The efficiency was in this case much higher than obtained for polymerization of homopolymer-type prepolymer, both types - methylene substituted and unsubstituted. Improvement of solubility of the newborn polymer by the methyl substituent allowed to analyze the product by GPC method. It was found that molecular weight of the newborn polymer was lower then molecular weight of template polymer. It was the evidence that the newborn polymer is not connected with the template. 

This technique is based on the use of well-defined soluble multifunctional initiators, which, in contrast to anionic multifunctional initiators, are readily available. From these multiple initiating sites a predetermined number of arms can grow simultaneously when the initiating functions are highly efficient independently of whether the other functions have reacted or not. Under these conditions the number of arms equals the number of initiating functions and living polymerization leads to well defined star polymers with controlled MW and narrow MWD. Subsequent end-functionalization and/or sequential monomer addition can also be performed leading to a variety of end-functionalized An or (AB)n star-shaped structures. 

Ammonium polyphosphates, on the other hand, are relatively water insoluble, nonmelting solids with very high phosphorus contents (up to about 30%). There are several crystalline forms and the commercial products differ in molecular weights, particle sizes, solubilities, and so on. They are also widely used as components of intumescent paints and mastics where they function as the acid catalyst (i.e., by producing phosphoric acid upon decomposition). They are used in paints with pentaerythritol (or with a derivative of pentaerythritol) as the carbonific component and melamine as the spumific compound.22 In addition, the intumescent formulations typically contain resinous binders, pigments, and other fillers. These systems are highly efficient in flame-retarding hydroxy-lated polymers. 

Considerations based on the Stuart model of Pt-D1 polymer (Fig. 4) along with structure40) of the model complex imply that the high solubility of the metal-poly-yne polymers may be attributed to bulky substituents on phosphorus which efficiently cover the polymer backbone and decrease intermolecular interactions between polymer molecules. This is supported by the fact that 1) the solubility of the polymers decreases in the order... 

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