Solid triglyceride

Physical Characteristics. Shortenings are pictured as solid materials but, in reality, are predominantly fluids. A plastic shortening consists of approximately one-quarter crystalhne-solid triglycerides suspended in liquid triglycerides. The ratio of these two phases determines the consistency of a shortening as it relates to firmness, softness, and spreadibUity. Fats and oUs processors change the consistency of a... 

We saw that the hydrocarbon groups in triglycerides can differ in the length of the carbon chain and in the frequency of double bonds between their carbon atoms. The liquid triglycerides in vegetable oils have more carbon-carbon double bonds than the solid triglycerides in animal fats. The more carbon-carbon double bonds a triglyceride molecule has, the more likely it is to be liquid at room temperature. 

Chemically homogeneous dispersions are defined here as dispersions where the dispersed phase and the continuous phase have chemical compositions with important similarities. Examples of such systems are honey, where we have saccharide crystals dispersed in a concentrated syrup, or semi-solid fat, which consists of solid triglyceride crystals dispersed in a solution of liquid triglycerides. 

Garcia-Fuentes, M., Prego, C., Torres, D., Alonso, M., 2005. A comparative study of the potential of solid triglyceride nanostructures coated with chitosan or poly (ethylene glycol) as carriers for oral calcitonin delivery. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 25, 133-143. 

As waxes are a relatively expensive raw material, in the production of cosmetics and candles they have been replaced by mineral hydrocarbon fractions (paraffin), solid triglycerides (tristearin, also known as stearin) or by various synthetic materials (polyethylene and polypropylene). Mineral waxes are used almost exclusively for non-food purposes. The so-called montanic acid esters and oxidised polyethylene wax can also be used to modify the surfaces of fresh citrus fruits. Montanic acid esters are used pharmaceutically to improve the retardation of drug release from tablets. 

Triglycerides, also called triacylglycerols, are plants, fish, and algae oils, as well as animal fats, in which three fatty acids are joined to a glycerol molecule (Fig. 22.1). These fatty acids can be equal or different. Oils are triglycerides that are liquids at room temperature, while solid triglycerides are called fats [1,2]. 

Solids generally follow the like dissolves like rule. Nonpolar, covalent materials dissolve best in nonpolar solvents. Solid triglycerides such as tristearin are extracted by diethyl ether, but are nearly insoluble in water. Salts, such as sodium chloride are highly soluble in water, but virtually insoluble in ether. 

Bunjes H, Koch MHJ, Westesen K. 2000. Effect of particle size on colloidal solid triglycerides. Langmuir 16 5234-5241. 

Fats and oils are naturally occuning mixtures of triacylglycerols, also called triglycerides. They differ in that fats are solids at room temperature and oils are liquids. We generally ignore this distinction and refer to both groups as fats. 

Natural fats are glycerol esters of fatty acids known as triglycerides. Unsaturated fats are generally liquids (oils) at room temperature, while triglycerides rich in saturated fatty acids are generally solids. View tristearin and triolein. Which one of these is saturated and which is unsaturated Are die double bonds in the unsaturated fat cis or transl... 

Mixtures of triglycerides, triglycerides plus free fatty adds or triglycerides plus fatty acid alkyl esters are used as reactants in fat modification processes. These mixtures are exposed to lipases supported on macroporous particles in the presence of a small amount of water. Liquid substrates (oils) can be reacted without use of a solvent, but with solid reactants (fats) it is necessary to add a solvent to ensure that the reactants and products are completely dissolved in the organic phase. Various water immisdble solvents can be used, but hexane is preferred for commercial operation because this solvent is already used industrially for the processing of oils and fats. 

The milk and cream in ice cream contain butterfat, proteins, and milk sugars. Butterfat adds rich flavor, smooth texture, body, and good melting properties. The triglycerides in butterfat melt over a wide range of temperatures, so there is always some bit of solid and some liquid butterfat. Some of the butterfat almost turns into butter while the ice cream is being churned, adding to the unique texture of ice cream. 

Margarine is an example of a solid sample where the materials of interest are soluble in one solvent (in this case methanol) whereas the matrix materials, largely triglycerides, are not. As a consequence, the sample preparation procedure is relatively simple. The chromatographic separation is achieved by using the dispersive interactions between the hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids and the hydrocarbon chains of a reversed phase. 

Lipids contain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and can be either liquid or solid. Which of these lipids is an example of a triglyceride mixture that contains mostly saturated fatty acids ... 

The concept of zeolite action was tested in a particular reaction where the enzyme is exposed from the beginning to an acidic environment the esterification of geraniol with acetic acid catalyzed by Candida antarctica lipase B immobilized on zeolite NaA [219]. Lipases have been used for the hydrolysis of triglycerides and due to their ambivalent hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties they are effective biocatalysts for the hydrolysis of hydrophobic substrates [220]. When water-soluble lipases are used in organic media they have to be immobilized on solid supports in order to exhibit significant catalytic activity. 

The physical and chemical properties of individual oils and fats are determined by the nature and proportions of fatty acids that enter into the triglycerides composition. Animal and dairy fat like plant oils are dominated by triacylglycerols, with steroids present as minor components, cholesterol and its esters being the most significant. The triacylglycerols of animal fats differ from plant oils since they contain more of the saturated fatty acids and consequently are solid at room temperature. 

All liposphere formulations prepared remained stable during the 3-month period of the study, and no phase separation or appearance of aggregates were observed. The difference between polymeric lipospheres and the standard liposphere formulations is the composition of the internal core of the particles. Standard lipospheres, such as those previously described, consist of a solid hydrophobic fat core composed of neutral fats like tristearin, whereas, in the polymeric lipospheres, biodegradable polymers such as polylactide or polycaprolactone were substituted for the triglycerides. Both types of lipospheres are thought to be stabilized by one layer of phospholipid molecules embedded in their surface. 

Freitas, C. and Muller, R. H., Stability determination of solid lipid nanoparticles (SEN) in aqueous dispersion after addition of electrolyte. J. MicroencapsuL, 16, 59-71, 1999. Bunjes, H., Westesen, K. and Koch, M. H. J., Crystallization tendency and polymorphic transitions in triglyceride nanoparticles. Int. J. Pharm., 129, 159-73, 1996. Freitas, C. and Muller, R. H., Correlation between long-term stability of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and crystallinity of the lipid phase. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 47, 125-32, 1999. 

Fats and oils are hydrophobic, water-insoluble substances. The operational difference between them is simple fats are solid at room temperature oils are liquid at room temperature. Chemically, fats and oils are triglycerides, triesters formed from glycerol and three fatty acids. Let me remind you that an ester is a functional group derived by linking a carboxylic acid to an alcohol, with the elimination of a molecule of water ... 

---