Solid-state lithium cells

Fig. 9.9 Lithium-iodine solid state button cell for electric watches and pocket calculators. (By courtesy of Catalyst Research Corporation.)...

Other developments in the area of solid state lithium batteries include prototype production and testing of thin-film microbatteries at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in the USA. The fabrication involves electrode and electrolyte film deposition to form compact layers of thickness of the order of few microns. The cell uses a lithium anode, an amorphous Li3 3PO3.9N0.17 solid electrolyte and an amorphous V205 cathode ... 

A solid-state solar cell was assembled with an ionic liquid—l-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfone)amide (EMITFSA) containing 0.2 M lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfone)amide and 0.2 M 4-tert-butylpyridine—as the electrolyte and Au or Pt sputtered film as the cathode.51,52 The in situ PEP of polypyrrole and PEDOT allows efficient hole transport between the ruthenium dye and the hole conducting polymer, which was facilitated by the improved electronic interaction of the HOMO of the ruthenium dye and the conduction band of the hole transport material. The best photovoltaic result ( 7p=0.62 %, 7SC=104 pA/cm2, FOC=0.716 V, and FF=0.78) was obtained from the ruthenium dye 5 with polypyrrole as the hole transport layer and the carbon-based counterelectrode under 10 mW/cm2 illumination. The use of carbon-based materials has improved the electric connectivity between the hole transport layer and the electrode.51... 

As mentioned in the introduction, all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries are considered as one of the most promising battery systems and higher volumetric energy density than the currently available lithium-ion batteries are expected. All-solid-state batteries can highly enhance the capability of cell design by allowing in-series stacking and bipolar structures. 

Glass Ion Conductors for Solid-State Lithium Batteries, Fig. 4 Charge-discharge curve at the 100th cycle (inset) and cycle performance of the all-solid-state cell Li-In/ Li2S-P2S5glass-ceramic/ Li4Ti50i2 at 100 °C under the current density of 12.7 mA cm ... 

A blend of polypyrrole and poly(ethylene oxide) was prepared in a heterogeneous process where a solid-state electrochemical cell was immersed in a pyrrole solution. The cell was assembled coating a substrate containing the working and reference electrodes with a film of poly(ethylene oxide) doped with a lithium salt. A Ni sieve was placed on the top of the polymer film and a pulsed (or continuous) potential was applied after immersion of the assembled cell in a pyrrole solution [128]. Cyclic voltammetry of the material obtained was run after saturation with acetonitrile vapors. The solvent... 

Kumar et al. [36] recently published a report on solid-state lithium-air batteries. The lithium-ion, conductive solid electrolyte membrane is based on glass-ceramic (GC) and polymer-ceramic materials. This solid electrolyte is used as the ionic conductive membrane between the lithium electrode and the air electrode. It also is used in the soHd composite air cathode prepared from high-surface-area carbon. The cell exhibited excellent thermal stabihty in the 30-105 °C temperature range... 

Ogumi, Z. Uchimoto, Y. Takehara, Z. Kanamoii, Y. (1989). Preparation of Ultra-Thin Solid-State Lithium Batteries Utilizing a Plasma-Polymerized Solid Polymer Electrolyte. /, Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., Vol. 21, pp. 1673-1674 Ohnishi, R. Katayama, M. Takanabe, K Kubota, J. Domen, K (2010). Niobium-Based Catalysts Prepared by Reactive Radio-Frequency Magnetron Spnitteiing and Arc Plasma Methods as Non-Noble Metal Cathode Catalysts for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells. Electrochim. Acta, Vol. 55, pp. 5393-5400 Papadopoulos, N.D. Karayiarmi, H.S. Tsakiridis, P.E. Perraki, M. Hiistoforou, E. (2010). 

FIGURE 7.26 Constant current discharges of a Li/(MEEP/PVP-LiC104)/TiS2 cell at C/20 and different temperatures i =0.08 mA cm , i =0.04 mA cm , voltage limits = 1.6-3.0 V. (Reprinted with permission from Abraham, K.M. and Alamgir, M., Dimensionally stable MEEP-based polymer electrolytes and solid-state lithium batteries, Chemistry of Materials, 3, 339. Copyright 1991 American Chemical Society.)... 

WEST, K., ZACHAU-CHRISTIANSEN, B., JACOBSEN, T. and SKAARUP, S., 1989. Solid-State sodium cells - an alternative to lithium cells Journal of Power Sources, 26(3-4), 341-345. 

B. Kumar and J. Kumar, Cathodes for solid-state lithium-oxygen cells Roles of Nasicon glass-ceramics, J. Electrochem. Soc. 157,2010, A611-A616. 

Kanehori K, Matsumoto K, Miyauchi K, Kudo T (1983) Thin film solid electrolyte and its application to secondary Lithium cell. Solid State Ionics 9-10 1445-1448 Py MA, Haering RR (1983) Structural destabilization induced by lithium intercalation in M0S2 and related compounds. Can J Phys 61 76-84... 

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