Highly conductive polymer electrolyte solid-state lithium batteries

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The lithium polymer battery (LPB), shown schematically in Fig. 7.21, is an all-solid-state system which in its most common form combines a lithium ion conducting polymer separator with two lithium-reversible electrodes. The key component of these LPBs is the polymer electrolyte and extensive work has been devoted to its development. A polymer electrolyte should have (1) a high ionic conductivity (2) a lithium ion transport number approaching unity (to avoid concentration polarization) (3) negligible electronic conductivity (4) high chemical and electrochemical stability with respect to the electrode materials (5) good mechanical stability (6) low cost and (7) a benign chemical composition. 

Kumar et al. [36] recently published a report on solid-state lithium-air batteries. The lithium-ion, conductive solid electrolyte membrane is based on glass-ceramic (GC) and polymer-ceramic materials. This solid electrolyte is used as the ionic conductive membrane between the lithium electrode and the air electrode. It also is used in the soHd composite air cathode prepared from high-surface-area carbon. The cell exhibited excellent thermal stabihty in the 30-105 °C temperature range... 

Lithium ion polymer batteries and laminated solid-state redox supercapacitors have also been fabricated [271]. In these plastic power sources, a highly conducting gel-type membrane electrolyte is placed between a PP-PANI electrode combination. 

The electrochemically active electrode materials in Li-ion batteries are a lithium metal oxide for the positive electrode and lithiated carbon for the negative electrode. These materials are adhered to a metal foil current collector with a binder, typically polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) or the copolymer polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluroropropylene (PVDF-HFP), and a conductive diluent, typically a high-surface-area carbon black or graphite. The positive and negative electrodes are electrically isolated by a microporous polyethylene or polypropylene separator film in products that employ a liquid electrolyte, a layer of gel-polymer electrolyte in gel-polymer batteries, or a layer of solid electrolyte in solid-state batteries. 

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