Solid powder

L. Johnson and W. Sade, Proceedings of the 18th Waterborne, Higher Solids, Powder Coating Symposium, pp. 65—77. 

P. A. CaUais, V. R. Kamath, and M. G. Moskal, Proc. Water-Borne, Higher-Solids, Powder Coat. Symp. 19, 156 (1992). 

These can be converted to their sodium salts by precipitation below 30° with aqueous 25% NaOH. The salt is then decomposed by addition of solid (powder ) carbon dioxide and extract with low-boiling petroleum ether. The solvent should be removed under reduced pressure below 20°. The manipulation should be adequately shielded at all times to guard against EXPLOSIONS for the safety of the operator. 

Solids, powders, and composites size limited only by the stage in SEM, EPMA and XRF liquids in 5GIF 3 mm diameter thin foils in TEM... 

Sample requirements Very flexible liquids, gases, crystals, polycrystalline solids, powders, and thin films... 

Since the 1950s XRF has been used extensively for the analysis of solids, powders, and liquids. The technique was extended to analyze thin-film materials in the 1970s. XRF can be used routinely for the simultaneous determination of elemental composition and thickness of thin films. The technique is nondesuuctive, rapid, precise, and potentially very accurate. The results are in good agreement with other elemental analysis techniques including wet chemical, electron-beam excitation techniques, etc. 

Sample Form Solid/ powder 1 Conducting pin (shape important) 2 Conducting pins (can be irregular)... 

Monte, S.J., Proc. 25th Int. Symp. Waterborne, High-Solids, Powder Coating, 190 (1998). 

Physicochemical Properties White crystalline solid powder or granular, ion- toxic and odorless ... 

PSpill determines the mass airborne from a spill of solid powder. It models the. shearing effect of the air on the powder as it falls. The shearing effect is enhanced by the lengthening of the... 

Elame propagation can also be stopped between process eqnipment handling bnlk solids and powders by jndicions selection and design of bnlk solids/powders conveying eqnipment snch as rotary valves (rotary airlocks) and screw conveyors. The mass of bnlk solids/powders contained in these items of eqnipment provide a tortnons path throngh which the gas and flame have to pass, and so can act as a material choke when certain design features are implemented. 

In screw conveyors the removal of part of the screw will ensnre that a ping of bnlk solids/powder will always remain as a choke (Eckhoff 1997). 

PVC can be prepolymerized in bulk to approximately 7-8% conversion. It is then transferred to an autoclave where the particles are polymerized to a solid powder. Most vinyl chloride, however, is polymerized... 

A solute is a substance dissolved in a solvent. A solvent may be water or some other liquid. Usually water is used for preparing a solution unless another liquid is specified. Solutions are prepared by using a solid (powder, tablet) and a liquid, or a liquid and a liquid. Today, most solutions are prepared by a pharmacist and not by the nurse Examples of how solutions may be labeled include ... 

In the prepolymerizer, the polymer particles are formed and polymerized to 7-8 wt. % conversion before being transferred to the autoclave where the particles are polymerized to a solid powder at about 88% conversion. 

The results of the bromination of phenol with NBS compared with bromine in various solvents are shown (Fig. 1). NBS was not added as the solution in solvent but solid powder. 

Fig. 1. Plots of dielectric constant vs selectivity of bromination of phenol with Br2 (left) and NBS (solid powder) (right). ort/io-Bromophenol (A), para-Bromophenol ( ).

Fig. 2 Selectivity of orf/io-bromide (left) and dibromide (right) depending on reaction temperature in the bromination of 2-substituted phenols with NBS (solid powder) and (/-Pr)2NH. 2-allylphenol ( ), o-cresol (A), 2-bromophenol (A), and 2-chlorophenol (O).

The catalyst deactivates, but after four runs the conversion is still significantly higher (> 99% after 2 h) as compared with the uncatalyzed reaction. Moreover, the Z-selectivity in all four runs is higher than 80%, whereas in the uncatalyzed reaction, it is typically only 30% (Z). The fact that the solid powder can be used several times furthermore supports the fact that the reaction mechanism is heterogeneous. The reason for the deactivation is unknown. A disadvantage of the nanoparticles is the difficulty of separation. Thus, in some cases the particles form col-... 

To a solution of hexa hydrated aluminum chloride (1.99g, 8.28 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) in tetrahydrofuran (25 mL), precatalyst (R,R)-salenCo (5.0 g, 8.28 mmol, 1.0 equiv. ) was added and stirred in at open atmosphere at room temperature. As soon as the chiral Co (salen) was added color of the solution changes from brick red to dark olive green. The mixture was stirred for 1 h. The resulting solution was concentrated imder reduced pressure. The crude solid was worked up with H2O and CH2CI2. Yield = 98-99 % as a dark green solid powder. The complex have been analyzed by A1 NMR with reference to [A1(D20)6] and... 

L.Shih-Bin, G.Joel, P.Ball, G.Vaughn, International Waterborne, High solid, powder coating Symp., New Orleans LA USA, 2000. 

Rapid survey analysis of solids, powders, composites, films, coatings, pastes, slurries and liquids... 

X-ray fluorescence analysis is a nondestructive method to analyze rubber materials qualitatively and quantitatively. It is used for the identification as well as for the determination of the concentration of all elements from fluorine through the remainder of the periodic table in their various combinations. X-rays of high intensity irradiate the solid, powder, or liquid specimen. Hence, the elements in the specimen emit X-ray fluorescence radiation of wavelengths characteristic to each element. By reflection from an analyzing crystal, this radiation is dispersed into characteristic spectral lines. The position and intensity of these lines are measured. 

Yuregir, K. R., Ghadiri, M., and Clift, R., Observation of Impact Attrition of Granular Solids, Powder Tech., 49 53 (1986)... 

Metals and metal oxides, as a rule, accelerate the liquid-phase oxidation of hydrocarbons. This acceleration is produced by the initiation of free radicals via catalytic decomposition of hydroperoxides or catalysis of the reaction of RH with dioxygen (see Chapter 10). In addition to the catalytic action, a solid powder of different compounds gives evidence of the inhibiting action [1-3]. Here are a few examples. The following metals in the form of a powder retard the autoxidation of a hydrocarbon mixture (fuel T-6, at T= 398 K) Mg, Mo, Ni, Nb V, W, and Zn [4,5]. The retarding action of the following compounds was described in the literature. 

Fig. 10.20. Theoretical spectral patterns for NMR of solid powders. The top trace shows the example of high symmetry, or cubic site symmetry. In this case, all three chemical shift tensor components are equal in value, a, and the tensor is best represented by a sphere. This gives rise to a single, narrow peak. In the middle trace, two of the three components are equal, so the tensor is said to have axial site symmetry. This tensor is best represented by an ellipsoid and gives rise to the assymetric lineshape shown. If all three chemical shift components are of different values, then the tensor is said to have low-site symmetry. This gives rise to the broad pattern shown in the bottom trace.

Pettersson, B. and Sorensen, K., Proc. 21 st Waterborn, High Solids Powder Coat. Technol, New Orleans 1994, p. 753. 

Boogh L, Pettersson B, Minson J-A (1997) Proceedings of the EPS 97 Conference on Surfaces and Interfaces in Polymers and Composites, Lausanne, Switzerland Pettersson B, Sorensen K (1994) Proceedings of the 21st Waterborne, Higher Solids Powder Coatings Symposium, New Orleans, Louisiana, p 753... 

Use of the compound to synthesize soluble dyes ceased as of 1986, when better dyes from other sources were introduced. The distinction between dyes and pigments is not always clear. Pigments are almost without exception insoluble and exist as finely divided solid powders that are insoluble but wettable under the eonditions of use. Dyes are almost always soluble organic substances used in coloring textiles or other fibrous substances. 

These three main classes of process sample streams are in increasing order of difficulty for near-infrared process analysis. In general, liquid streams are best measured in a transmission sampling mode, solids (powders) in diffuse reflectance mode, and slurries in either diffuse reflectance or diffuse transmission according to whether the liquid phase or the suspended phase is of greater analytical signihcance. If the... 

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