Steaming methane reforming

Nickel catalysts are also used for steam methane reforming. Moreover, nickel catalysts containing potassium to inhibit coke formation from feedstocks such as LPG and naphtha have received wide appHcation. 

Hydrogen Liquefaction. Hydrogen can be produced from caustic—chlorine electrolytic cells, by decomposition of ammonia or methanol, or by steam—methane reforming. Hydrogen recovered by these methods must be further purified prior to Hquefaction. This is generally achieved by utilizing pressure swing adsorption methods whereby impurities are adsorbed on a soHd adsorbent. 

Lozza, G. and Chie.sa, P. (2001), Natural gas decarboni.sation to reduce COi emi.ssion from combined cycle—Part II steam-methane reforming, ASME J. Engng Gas Turbines Power 124(1), 89-95. 

However, many reactions of commercial interest have chemistry, mechanical, or system requirements that preclude the use of cross-flow reactors. Processes cannot use a cross-flow orientation primarily because of high temperatures and the need to internally recuperate heat such as steam methane reforming (SMR) [12, 13] and oxidation reactions [14]. Counter- and coflow devices require a micromanifold to dehver sufficiently uniform flow to each of the many parallel channels. 

Steam Methane Reforming Using Alternative Energy Sources... 

Steam Methane Reforming with Nuclear Heat Input... 

Hydrogen Production by Steam Methane Reforming with C02 Sequestration... 

Steam methane reforming with PSA for hydrogen production. 

Ding, Y. and E. Alpay, Adsorption-enhanced steam methane reforming, Chem. Eng. Sci., 55, 3929-3940,2000b. 

The analysis showed, with various "value adders" (e.g., oxygen sales and carbon-emission-offset credits), the cost of wind-source gaseous hydrogen delivered by pipelines from production point to distant markets (about 200-1000 mi.) at an untaxed wholesale energy unit cost will be competitive with market prices (in 2005) of gasoline and hydrogen fuel made from natural gas by steam methane reforms (SMRs). 

SMR—steam methane reformer ATR—auto thermal reformer POX—partial oxidation PSA—pressure swing adsorption... 

The (additional) costs of C02 capture in connection with hydrogen production from natural gas or coal are mainly the costs for C02 drying and compression, as the hydrogen production process necessitates a separation of C02 and hydrogen anyway (even if the C02 is not captured). Total investments increase by about 5%-10% for coal gasification plants and 20%-35% for large steam-methane reformers (see also Chapter 10). 

For the first decades, all roadmaps show a focus on fossil-based hydrogen production options, mainly onsite and decentral steam methane reformers (SMR), electro-lysers and hydrogen as a by-product from the chemical industry. In some regions, hydrogen is also produced to a certain extend by nuclear, electrolysis, biomass and waste gasification. Later on, with a significant increase of hydrogen, the production... 

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