High temperature steels

Table 5. Alloy Composition of High Temperature Steels...

Allyl diglycol carbonate (CR-39) is the most highly scratch resistant of the transparent plastics. Unlike most of the other transparent plastics that are TP, CR-39 is a TS plastic that has been in use for over a half century in applications such as bullet-proof shields, high temperature steel blast furnace eye and face guards, aircraft window side panels, etc. Processing methods include injection molding and casting. 

High temperature steels, alloy composition of, 23 307t... 

In terms of time, for high temperature steels it is conventional to restrict extrapolation to a time factor of 3, although years of practical experience are allowing this to be extended as far as 10. ISO 2578 [4] recommends no more than a factor of 4, from 5,000 to 20,000 h. A maximum value of 100 (two orders of magnitude) is permitted for pipes with the restriction that the temperature difference is limited to 60 °C for polyolefins and to 25 °C for PVC. General advice is no more than a factor of 10. Figures 9.1 and 9.2 show instances of somewhat extreme prediction far into the future of the human race. 

High-Temperature Steels. For applications affording superior high-temperature strength and high-temperature creep resistance, austenitic and Cr-alloyed tungsten steels containing also Mo and V are in use (see Table 8.3, rows 7 and 8). 

Stainless steel contains at least 10.5 % chromium and a maximum of 1.2 % carbon and is therefore per definition high alloyed. Based on their microstructure, stainless steels can be subdivided into ferritic, martensitic, ferritic-austenitic, and austenitic steels. According to their usage properties, stainless steels can be categorized into corrosion-resistant steels, heat-resistant steels, and high-temperature steels (Klocke 2010). 

Duval Polypropylene, PP, graft for high-temperature steel pipes E. I. du Pont de Nemours... 

Figure 23.3 Methane steam reformer (built at the Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe) made of high-temperature steel and SEM of microstructure [38].

Broad Application Capability The technology and concepts employed should serve a broad range of applications ranging from low temperatures (district heating for example) to high temperatures (steel making for example). 

Several deposition techniques have been investigated such as laser ablation, pulsed laser deposition, electrostatic spray and sputtering [127]. Orlovskaya and co-workers utilised Raman spectroscopy in conjunction with SEM, XRD, and energy dispersive X-ray analysis to study the structural properties of a 200 nm thick LaCrOa protective thin film deposited on high temperature steels by radiofrequency magnetron sputtering [126]. Fig. 12(a) shows the Raman spectrum of the polished stainless steel surface... 

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