Solid nanoscale

Nanoscale probes of the solid/liquid interface, NATO ASI series E 288 (A.A. Gewirth and H. Siegenthaler eds.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht 1995. 

A. Hamelin, in Nanoscale Probes of the Solid/Liquid Interface, A. G. Gewirth and H. 

J. R. LaGraff and A. A. Gewirth, in Nanoscale Probes of the Solid/Liquid Interface, A. A. Gewirth and H. Siegenthaler, eds., KJuwer Academic, Dordrecht, The Netherlands 1995, p. 83. 

Miyake, S., Tribology of Carbon Nitride and Boron Nitride Nanoperiod Multilayer Films and Its Application to Nanoscale Processing," Thin Solid Films,Wo. 493,2005, pp. 160-169. 

Various continuum models have been developed to describe contact phenomena between solids. Over the years there has been much disagreement as to the appropriateness of these models (Derjaguin et al. [2 ] and Tabor [5-7]). Experimental verification can be complex due to uncertainties over the effects of contaminants and asperities dominating the contact. Models trying to include these effects are no longer solvable analytically. A range of models describing contact between both nondeformable and deformable solids in various environments are discussed in more detail later. In all cases, the system of a sphere on a plane is considered, for this is the most relevant to the experimental techniques used to measure nanoscale adhesion. 

In this chapter we describe the basic principles involved in the controlled production and modification of two-dimensional protein crystals. These are synthesized in nature as the outermost cell surface layer (S-layer) of prokaryotic organisms and have been successfully applied as basic building blocks in a biomolecular construction kit. Most importantly, the constituent subunits of the S-layer lattices have the capability to recrystallize into iso-porous closed monolayers in suspension, at liquid-surface interfaces, on lipid films, on liposomes, and on solid supports (e.g., silicon wafers, metals, and polymers). The self-assembled monomolecular lattices have been utilized for the immobilization of functional biomolecules in an ordered fashion and for their controlled confinement in defined areas of nanometer dimension. Thus, S-layers fulfill key requirements for the development of new supramolecular materials and enable the design of a broad spectrum of nanoscale devices, as required in molecular nanotechnology, nanobiotechnology, and biomimetics [1-3]. 

SET events at elevated temperature. Together with the limited number of free electrons, this may lead us to regard them as artificial atoms. This raises fundamental questions about the design of artificial molecules or artificial solids built up from these nanoscale sub-units [37-39]. Remade and Levine reviewed the ideas associated with the use of chemically fabricated quantum dots as building blocks for a new state of matter [40]. 

Barton SC, Sun Y, Chandra B, White S, Hone J. 2007. Mediated enzyme electrodes which combine micro- and nanoscale supports. Electrochem Solid State Lett 10 B96-B100. 

There has been tremendous interest in the study of atomic nanostructures over the last few years. At the atomic scale nanomanipulation is increasingly opening up a new world of nanosize clusters and structures, many of which have properties distinct both from those of the macroscopic solid materials and also from those of small molecules. The nanoscale is often the critical size at which properties start to change... 

Jiang, Y. Decker, S. Mohs, C. Klabunde, K.J. Catalytic solid state reactions on the surface of nanoscale metal oxide particles. J. Catal. 1998,180,24-35. 

The examples discussed above illustrate the importance of block copolymer chain segment incompatibilities for the phase separation of bulk materials, combined with the ability to perform chemistry within specific nanoscale domains to impose permanence upon those self-assembled nanostructured morphologies. Each is limited, however, to crosslinking of internal domains within the solid-state assemblies in order to create discrete nanoscale objects. To advance the level of control over regioselective crosslinking and offer methodologies that allow for the production of additional unique nanostructured materials, the pre-assembled structures can be produced in solution (Figure 6.4), as isolated islands with reactivity allowed either internally or on the external... 

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