Solid improvement

High power pulsed lasers are used to produce plasmas and thus to sample and excite the surfaces of solids. Improvements in minimum detectable limits and decreases in background radiation and in interelement interference effects result from the use of two lasers (99) (see Surface and interface analysis). 

Clarification with Solids Recycle In many instances, the rate of clarification is enhanced by increasing the solids concentration in the flocculation zone of the clarifier. This is done in a full-scale operation by internally or externally recycling previously settled solids into the flocculation zone where they are mixed with fresh, coagulated feed. The higher population of solids improves the flocculation efficiency and deification rate. 

Features Contributes increased solids, improved build, gloss, and flexibility... 

Uses Aikyd for air dry industrial or decorative trade sales coatings Features Higher solids improved gloss and flexibility Properies Gardner 5 max. color dens. 8.55 Ib/gal vise. (Gardner-Hoidt) U-W acid no. 10 max. 70% NV Setal 11-2463 [Akzo Nobel Resins]... 

Microsphercs (solid) Improved flow properties and stress distribution... 

Fig. 2-16 shows that using a constant bundle size of 400 x lO in and increasing glass content whUe reducing strand solids improves the impact strength of nylon 6/6. 

The second deviation from the HRI CTSL is the continued use of the CSD unit to remove the ash and solids. Improvements in the CSD unit have reduced organic rejection to the same levels that HRI achieves with filtration. These changes have allowed the Wilsonville plant to achieve distillate yields of up to 77 percent (maf coal) with a cleaned Ohio 6 bituminous coal. " More typical yields of 70 percent (maf coal) were found with Illinois 6 bituminous coal. " Recent studies demonstrated the beneficial effects on the distillate yield of deep-cleaning the coal, achieving a distillate yield of 74 percent with a Pittsburgh 8 bituminous coal. ... 

Whilst retaining the excellent colour and chemical resistance propoties already seen in thermoplastic acrylics, the thermosetting varieties also offer the added advantages of significantly higher tqrplication solids, improved hardness and chemical resistance. Furthermore, through judicious choice of backbone monomers, monomer levels and crosslink density, a wide spectrum of film performances can be achieved. 

On the other hand, the reliability of the product improves, too, if each state of the plasticity deformation, the creep deformation, and the diffusion joint in the solid phase diffusion bonding as the bonding process, is accurately understood, and the bonding process is controlled properly. 

Fig. 5.29 Method for correcting the path followed by a steepest descents algorithm to generate the intrinsic reaction coordinate. The solid line shows the real path and the dotted line shows the algorithmic approximation to it. (Figure redrawn from Gonzalez C and H B Schlegel 1988. An Improved Algorithm for Reaction Path Following. Journal of Chemical Physics 90 2154-2161.)...

A special apparatus (Fig. Ill, 40,1) renders the preparation of iodides from alcohols a very simple operation. The special features of the apparatus are —(i) a wide bored (3-4 mm.) stopcock A which considerably reduces the danger of crystallisation in the bore of the tap of the iodine from the hot alcoholic solution (ii) a reservoir B for the solid iodine and possessing a capacity sufficiently large to hold all the alkyl iodide produced (iii) a wide tube C which permits the alcohol vapour fix)m the flask D to pass rapidly into the reservoir B, thus ensuring that the iodine is dissolved by alcohol which is almost at the boiling point. An improved apparatus is shown in Fig. Ill, 40, 2, a and b here a... 

To solve some of the environmental problems of mixed-acid nitration, we were able to replaee sulfuric acid with solid superacid catalysts. This allowed us to develop a novel, clean, azeotropic nitration of aromatics with nitric acid over solid perfluorinated sulfonic acid catalysts (Nafion-H). The water formed is continuously azeotroped off by an excess of aromatics, thus preventing dilution of acid. Because the disposal of spent acids of nitration represents a serious environmental problem, the use of solid aeid eatalysts is a significant improvement. 

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