Solar cells/arrays,

Gel batteries are finding a new market in storing energy from solar cell arrays. The acid concentration in gel batteries is similar to flooded lead-acid batteries. Oneway pressure relief valves help to retain the water in hot environments. Compared to AGM batteries, gel batteries are less susceptible to drying out, because they contain more acid. 

Figure 2.7 Parametric variations in solar-cell array. (From Pessin, L., and Rusta, D., "A comparison of solar-cell and battery-type power systems for spacecrafts," IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 1967 IEEE. With permission.)...

The spacecraft or satellite power system is composed of a solar-cell array and a rechargeable battery in conjunction with a voltage regulator and a battery charge... 

TVivedi, R. Somboonsuk, K., in Proc. Flat-Plate Solar Array Research Forum on the High Speed Growth and Characterization of Crystals for Solar Cells K. Dumas EM., JPL-Publication 84-23, 1984. 

Thomas, R. E. Gaines, B. G. "Methodology for Designing Accelerated Aging Tests for Predicting Life of Photovoltaic Arrays" Department of Energy/National Bureau of Standards Workshop on Stability of Thin Film Solar Cells and Materials, Washington, D.C., May 1-3, 1978. 

Figure 10.17. (a) Schematic diagram of the nanowire dye-sensitized solar cell. Light is incident through the bottom electrode, (b) SEM cross section of a solution-fabricated ZnO nanowire array on fluorine-doped tin oxide. The wires are in direct contact with the substrate. Scale bar, 5 pm. Reproduced from Ref. 41, Copyright 2005, with permission from the Nature Publishing Group. 

Liu, J. Kuo, Y.-T. Klabunde, K.). Rochford, C. Wu, J. Li,)., Novel dye-sensitized solar cell architecture using Tio2-coated vertically aligned carbon nanofiber arrays. Acs. Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2009,1,1645-1649. 

Varghese, OK Grimes, CA (2007) Appropriate Strategies For Determining The Photoconversion Efficiency Of Water Photoelectrolysis Cells A Review With Examples Using Titania Nanotuhe Array Photoanodes. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, in press. 

Methods have been developed for fabrication of the highly-ordered titania nanotuhe arrays from titanium thin films atop a substrate compatible with photolithographic processing, notably silicon or FTO coated glass [104]. The resulting transparent nanotuhe array structure, illustrated in Fig. 5.16, is promising for applications such as anti-reflection coatings and dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Fig. 5.17 shows the typical anodization behavior of a 400 nm Ti thin film anodized at 10 V in an HE based electrolyte. Eor a fixed HE concentration, the dimensions of the tube vary with respect to... 

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