Soil sampling sites

Figure 1. Distribution of soil sample sites collected over glacigenic till deposits, ice flow scenarios (A to D) and main bedrock strata of the study area.

Fig. 2. Elevation (A) and chemical (B-H) crossplots against soil sample site number. Transect is south (left) to north (right). The different B horizon soil depths are given by different line characteristics solid line = uppermost 15 om of the B horizon dashed-dotted line = 15-30 cm of the B horizon dashed line = 30-45 om of the B horizon. The XY orebody s surface projection is at the black bar. Gray lines in the background are to aid site projection across orossplots. The depositional characteristics of each soil site are T - till W - seasonally waterlogged till F - fluvioglacial till A - alluvium C - colluvium.

Material brought to the surface from a specified depth was collected In the box, bagged, and the successive lower horizon was subsequently bored and collected. While some contamination of lower samples by soil In the upper horizons was Inevitable, the method was potentially capable of Identifying the sampling level at which a pesticide first appeared. Soil sampling sites are described In Table II (see Figure 1, also). Analyses using... 

Gamma ray spectrometer measurements at residual soil sample sites are taken at only one subsite (first soil sample pit) instead at each subsite as recommended by Damley et al. (1995). 

Fig. 8-25. Geology, mineralisation, soil sample sites and CS2 concentrations at North Silver Bell, Arizona (from Hinkle and Dilbert, 1984).

To enable comparison to this experimental approach, archaeological human bones of various ages and soil properties (Table 9.1) from the Anthropological Collection in Munich were analyzed. All German skeletal series come from humic soil with, neutral to slightly basic pH. The samples from Tinkey, Syria, coastal Pern and Egypt have been buried in dry, sandy soils. Soil samples from most of the excavation sites were available and bone sample... 

The detailed results of the analyses of the excavated human bones and soil samples from the respective archaeological sites are the subject of a forthcoming paper (Balzer et al. 1997, Turban-Just, in prep.). Therefore, only the major topics relating to the experimental approach shall be considered here. 

Soils sampled at two sites in creek beds and drainage ditches in an agricultural area in the Point Mugu watershed near Oxnard, California, contained endosulfan at concentrations between 20 and 30 ppm. The majority of the other sites had much lower concentrations (Leung et al. 1998). 

A sample is representative of a neighborhood measured by the range of correlation. For example, a soil sample could represent a circular area in the field centered at the sample site with a radius less than or equal to the zone of influence. This has always been intuitively obvious to the environmental scientist but now can be described statistically. The zone of influence is defined by the theoretical semi-variogram and is easily estimated from an empirical semi-variogram. 

Site topography Exclusion Must have slope <1% Site must not be susceptible to flooding Shallow water table or tile drains must not interfere with sampling These are exclusion criteria that have to be carefully determined during on-site inspection Site must be level to prevent losses of agrochemical due to surface run-off and soil erosion Site must not be susceptible to runoff from other areas higher than test site... 

Pre-treatment soils and earthworms were sampled once from control and treated sites. Four soil samples from each station were collected and pooled in the field. Each of four trenches within a station was dug until two worms were found or 3 m of soil per trench had been examined. Worms from each station were composited. 

Post-treatment soil and earthworm samples were collected from all sites on Day 0 (application day), 1,2,3,4,6,8,12,16 and 24 on treated sites. Samples on Day 0 were collected within 3h of chemical application. Soil from control sites was sampled on Day 7 post-application only. One in-furrow soil sample from each control station was collected and the six samples were pooled. Within a given field, earthworms from each of the six stations were composited for analysis by combining all in-furrow samples into one composite and all between-furrow samples into another. Earthworms from control sites were sampled in-furrow on Day 8 and 16 post-planting only. 

Americium has been identified in 6 soil samples but was not detected in any sediment samples collected from 1,585 NPL hazardous waste sites, where it was detected in some environmental media (HazDat 2001). 

Superfund NPL Sites. 241Americium has been detected in soil samples at one of eight hazardous waste sites where americium has been identified in some environmental compartment (HazDat 2001). It was not found in sediment at any of these sites. The distribution of Superfund NPL sites is shown in Figure 6-1. 

Ottaway, J. H. and M. R. Mathews (1988), Trace element analysis of soil samples from a stratified archaeological site, Environ. Geochem. Health 10,105-112. 

Lead has been identified in soil samples collected at 675 of the 1,026 NPL hazardous waste sites, in sediment samples collected at 456 of the 1,026 NPL hazardous waste sites, and in soil-gas samples collected at 2 of the 1,026 NPL hazardous waste sites where it was detected in some environmental medium (HazDat 1998). 

EPA. 1996a. Bioavailability of lead in soil samples from the Jasper County, Missouri Superfund Site. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 8. Document Control No. 04800-030-0161. 

In summary, improper e-waste recycling operations are the major contributors of dioxin and dioxin-like compounds to the terrestrial environment in China [7]. The lower concentrations of dioxin and dioxin-like compounds at reference sites than at e-waste recycling sites suggest the likelihood for these chemicals to transport atmospherically from where they are generated to distant areas. We can also infer that dioxin and dioxin-like compounds initially derived from burning of e-waste can enter ambient air and dust and finally deposit into soil. This notion is supported by the significant positive correlation between the levels of PCDD/Fs in dust and soil samples from Taizhou. 

---